Mandala: United States and Bright Colors Essay

My name is Meleea Giordano – Briggs. Athletic, friendly , and loving are the best three words that describe me. These three words that describe me in my own way and characteristics that make me the way I am now. The first symbol that represents me is colors. I love the bright colors in my room and wearing bright colors. Bright colors just make my day full of joy ! Me wearing bright colors represents myself as being kind. When I see bright colors , I think of Fall , Summer and Spring. Just seeing these bright pretty colors on the tree’s when the tree’s are turning colors because of fall and seeing the different color flowers blooming in the spring time and seeing the rainbow’s and flowers in the summer time make me happy. The second symbol represents , Live , Laugh and Love. I describe live as living your day to fullest and making anything you want come true. Laugh represents having a good time in life , school , family and friends. Last is love , love is the most important. You have to love yourself before you can love anyone else back. You should always love your family before anything or anyone else , because family helps and supports you anything you want or want to accomplish in life. Even though your friends will be there too support you , your family will always be there for you no matter what. My last symbol represents sports. This is volleyball and track. All my life I have been doing sports. Sports are my life , I never take a break from doing sports and couldn’t live a day without doing sports. Sports set a goal for me , it sets I can get a scholarship to any college or university in the United Sates , also sets you to maintain a good grade point average and to get all A’s and B’s. When I play sports I make sure my grades are excellent because if there not , I will not be able to do sports, and it doesn’t matter if you are the best athlete on the team they are not going to let you play because of grades, because school comes first! These are the symbols the most represents me and represents me and what I do in my daily life. Without these symbols I would be nothing , because these symbols put me together .

Design of Compressed Natural Gas Cylinders

Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 IntroductionThis chapter [ 2 ] provides a description of the undertaking and an overview of surveies related to laminated force per unit area vas. It surveys the literature covering with the design and research work on different composite stuffs. It besides reviews the laminate analysis in the visible radiation of classical failure theories. Furthermore it tends to cover the impact of multilayered subdivisions of heterogenous stuff along with the fibre orientation on the stress distribution of force per unit area vas. It besides contain process to plan composite force per unit area vas in the visible radiation of old findings in the existing literature. This chapter besides include the methodological analysis to continue on the undertaking and behavior analysis utilizing Matlab a clip tested package.2.2 Project DescriptionThe usage of metal based CNG cylinders are popularly turning with heightening fatal hazards and menaces manifolds. In Pakistan, the usage of metal based CNG cylinder are turning really fast and therefore adding to multifaceted inadvertent hazards due to low quality criterion cylinders and their mishandling. The grounds behind these effects are use of low quality dyer's rocket and expired kits. A careful estimation shows that out of 10 metal CNG cylinders four are at hazard due to chance of blast and fatal accidents in private and public conveyance vehicles. These in fact are going beginning of serious menaces to human life and cultivate the demand to look into and convey frontward an alternate safe solution. For this intent, metal CNG cylinders may necessitate to be replaced and composite or other stuffs may be the best solution. We will research the chance of composite CNG cylinder under this undertaking. This predominating state of affairs in Pakistan emphasiss on the demand to look into the failing of metal based CNG cylinder and come up with an alternate feasible solution non merely stronger plenty than metal based CNG cylinders but besides cut down the hazard of fatal accidents and life menaces to the consumer. In other words, there is a demand to carry on empirical probe that help us to convey and alternate safe and strong beginning of CNG cylinder fabrication based on composite or other stuffs and compare its viability and strength with the bing metal based CNG cylinder. This survey seek to bridge bing spread in CNG cylinder fabrication and propose some feasible solution to get the better of by taking the restraints with an purpose to hold a feasible alternate solution of high strength, environmental friendly composite CNG cylinder. The undertaking attempt to supply a hazard free competitory merchandise. In this respect, we considered Carbon/Epoxy for the most optimized conseque nces with the high facet of strength and high weight decrease of CNG cylinder. For farther betterment optimisation of wall thickness and fiber orientation is besides be done. We will prove each bed of laminated force per unit area vas with the application of Tsai-Hill failure standards. This application will surely assist us to plan a hazard free composite CNG cylinder. The survey will continue with the specific aim enlisted in to following subdivision.2.3 Aims of the surveyThe chief aim of this survey is to look into the failings of bing metal based CNG cylinder and convey up an alternate feasible solution non merely stronger plenty than metal based CNG cylinders but besides cut down the hazard of fatal accidents and life menaces to the consumer. For this intent, we will analyze the emphasis distribution produced in thin wall metal based CNG cylinder in the visible radiation of different finite component analysis packages and place the weak parts. Hoop and longitudinal emphasiss wi ll be calculated by theoretical analysis of thin wall metal cylinder. Keeping in position the penetration obtained from theoretical and finite component analysis mistake computation will be done. As we have standardized standards, the FEA package with the least mistake will be selected for farther proceeding. We will plan a laminated CNG cylinder on the same specification as of bing metal CNG cylinder. We will further optimise the design by optimisation of angle and thickness of laminated force per unit area vas. The Matlab codification will be generated for laminate analysis of composite CNG cylinder. Subsequently on the Matlab computation will be verified by utilizing ANSYS Workbench 15. The consequences of our design for composite CNG cylinder will be justified from bing literature at domestic ( if any ) and international degree. To gauge and analyse the consequence of fibre orientation on stress distribution of composite CNG cylinder, analysis will be run on different fibre angle orientation. Before continuing on the undertaking in systematic mode we will wish to seek penetration from bing literature in the force per unit area vas context.2.4 General Overview of LiteratureThe history of semisynthetic composite stuff is spread over more than 6000 old ages. The earliest semisynthetic composite stuffs were straw and clay combined to organize bricks for edifice building. Fiber-reinforced composite stuffs besides additions popularity ( despite their by and large high cost ) in high-performance merchandises that needs to be lightweight yet strong plenty to take rough lading conditions ( Shaffer,1993 ) . After the gradual development in the field of complexs over clip it was 2006 when a fiber-reinforced complex was introduced for residential every bit good as commercial usage as a non-corrosive option to steel ( Waterman, 2007 ) . A farther development was observed in 2007 wherein a military vehicle named â€Å" Humvee † , the first all-composite military vehicle, was introduced by TPI Composites Inc and Armor Holdings Inc. It was improved in 2008 by uniting C fibre and Kevlar ( five times stronger than steel ) with enhanced thermoset rosins to do military theodolite instances by ECS Composites making 30-percent igniter instances with high strength ( Pamela J, 2009 ) . This lead to a systematic research on the topic affair which is reviewed in the following subdivision.2.5 General Overview of composite force per unit area vasAs stated in the old bomber subdivision that systematic research work on composite force per unit area vass was initiated late that is i.e. In first decennary of the new millenary ( Sheffer, 1993 ; Waterman, 2007 ; Pamela J, 2009 ; and Rayapuri Ashok and Ranjith Kumar, 2013 ) . Therefore there is utmost vestry of cognition on composite force per unit area vas. To the best of our cognition, there are merely a few surveies are available in this country but research work associating to Pakistan is farther pantie or non bing. Wang Yingjun ( 2010 ) conducted a survey in Japan and a finite component theoretical account of C fibre reinforced polymer ( CFRP ) force per unit area vas with aluminium line drive is established by ANSYS finite component package. The component utilized in the survey was Shell-99 ( 4 node ) . The outer fibril lesion fibres were overwrapped by both hoop twist and coiling twist methods. He found that safety was critical because of high working force per unit area which was more than 35MPa. He conducted the inactive analysis of the vas. The burst force per unit area was predicted farther. He found when interior force per unit area increased up to 65MPa, the maximal tensile emphasis of the first CFRP ply reached rupture strength of CFRP. So the force per unit area 65MPa was regarded as the explosion force per unit area. Rayapuri Ashok and Ranjith Kumar ( 2013 ) in their survey discussed design and analysis of multilayer high force per unit area composite vass along with their advantages over single-channel block vas. Using Abaqus FEA package for burst force per unit area analysis of CFRP composite force per unit area vass for assorted fiber orientation angles, they calculated stress concentration on dish-shaped part. They used element type Solid-46 ( 8 node ) and optimized the fibre angle orientation by analysing the fibre helically for assorted orientations such as [ +25 °/-25 ° ] s, [ +35 °/-35 ° ] s, [ +45 °/-45 ° ] s, [ +55 °/-55 ° ] s, [ +65 °/-65 ° ] s, and [ +75 °/-75 ° ] s. For this intent they utilized burst force per unit area of 35MPa along with rules specified in American Society of Mechanical Engineers ( A.S.M.E ) Sec VIII Division 1. The survey found a per centum economy in stuff of 28.48 % utilizing multilayered composite vass in the topographic point of solid walled vas of SA515 Grade 70 steel. They furthered their probe and used multilayered CFRP stuff and saved 91.62 % stuff when compared to SA515 Grade 70 steel stuff vass. The explosion force per unit areas for assorted fiber orientations are predicted utilizing the Tsai-Wu failure standards. The  ± 25 ° fiber orientation angle is obtained as the optimal fibre orientation angle for the composite force per unit area vas subjected to high internal force per unit area burden. B.Vijay Kiran ( 2012 ) developed an analytical theoretical account for anticipation of optimal fiber orientations for given bed thicknesses. He selected fiber volume fraction= 0.65 and= 0.35 which was acceptable to the present composite force per unit area vas working at 3MPa internal force per unit area. He found optimal value of fiber orientation which was  ±55 ° for glass epoxy and  ±65 ° angle for C fibre. From the finite component analysis study the maximal emphasis obtained in each lamina ( for  ±55,  ±65 degrees weaving angle ) was less than the allowable on the job strength. The factor of Safety 3 was taken for the fibre reinforced composite stuff to get the better of material design and fabrication defects. The mean critical buckling force per unit area was obtained from finite element analysis study was 4.0684N/mm2, which was more than the maximal on the job force per unit area 3N/mm2. Comparison of stiffened and unstiffened complex shell was done by both theoretically and analytically techniques and he found that the stiffened cylinder has more clasping opposition than that of the unstiffened one. Javad Marzbanrad ( 2013 ) investigated the design and analysis of high force per unit area composite vass based on â€Å" unit burden method † along with complete structural analysis and rating of weariness life-time were performed utilizing finite element commercial codification ABAQUS. He selected fiber volume fraction= 0.75 and= 0.25 and element Shell-99 ( 8 node ) . He found that the weariness life-time of vas depends on the finite component mesh size, cleft denseness and ratio in an component. K.M.Pandey ( 2014 ) investigated the clasping behaviour of reasonably thin walled filament-wound carbon–epoxy cylinders subjected to hydrostatic force per unit area. A entire 9 figure of composite laminates were considered for finite component analysis. He used Finite component package ANSYS 14.0 and three finite component plan ACOS win, MSC/NASTRAN and MSC/MARC to formalize the consequences. He besides used Element 281 ( 8 node ) to make the finite component theoretical account. The ANSYS shell component theoretical account predicted the buckling force per unit area with 1.5 % divergence from the other three finite component consequences. 2.6 Methodology We in our survey and convey for a alternate solution will analyze the emphasis distribution produced in thin wall metal based CNG cylinder in the visible radiation of different finite component analysis packages and place the weak parts. Hoop and longitudinal emphasiss will be calculated by theoretical analysis of thin wall metal cylinder.Theoretical analysis of bing metal CNG cylinder will besides be conducted in the visible radiation of insight addition from work by P.Beer and Johnson ( 2006 ) . The demand for theoretical analysis emerged as to supply a base for design of composite CNG cylinder. Keeping in position the penetration obtained from theoretical and finite component analysis mistake computation will be done. As we have standard standards the FEA package with the least mistake will be selected for farther proceeding.We will plan a laminated CNG cylinder on the same specification as of bing metal CNG cylinder. We will further optimise the design by optimisation of angle and thickness of laminated force per unit area vas. The Matlab codification will be generated for laminate analysis of composite CNG cylinder. The Matlab computation will be verified by utilizing ANSYS Workbench 15. The consequences of our design for composite CNG cylinder will be justified from bing literature at domestic and international degree. To gauge and analyse the consequence of fibre orientation on stress distribution of composite CNG cylinder, analysis will be run on different fibre angle orientation.2.7 Matlab codification for design of composite force per unit area vasclear all clc % Design of composite force per unit area vas % Properties of C fibre/epoxy with 60 % volume fraction % SI unit system fprintf ( ‘Design Of Composite Pressure Vessel ‘ ) fprintf ( ‘Properties of Carbon Fibre/Epoxy with 60 per centum Volume fraction ‘ ) fprintf ( ‘Modulus of Elasticity in Longitudinal Direction ‘ ) E1=134*10^9 % Pa fprintf ( ‘Modulus of snap in cross way ‘ ) E2=7*10^9 % Pa fprintf ( ‘Shear Modulus ‘ ) G12=4.2*10^9 % Pa fprintf ( ‘ Posion Ratio ‘ ) v12=0.25 fprintf ( ‘ Longitudinal tensile break strength ‘ ) XT=1270e6 % Pa fprintf ( ‘ Transverse tensile break strength ‘ ) YT=42e6 % Pa fprintf ( ‘ Shear Strength ‘ ) Sh=90e6 % Poision Ratio fprintf ( ‘Longitudinal compressive break strength ‘ ) XC=1130e6 % Pa fprintf ( ‘Transverse compressive break strength ‘ ) YC=141e6 % Pa fprintf ( ‘Inner radius of force per unit area vas ‘ ) r=.1335 % m % Inner radius of force per unit area vas fprintf ( ‘Burust force per unit area applied ‘ ) p=75e6 % MPa % Pressure applied fprintf ( ‘Thickness of force per unit area vas ‘ ) t1=0.01182 ; % m % Thickness of force per unit area vas fprintf ( ‘Compliance Matrix ‘ ) S= [ 1/E1 -v12/E1 0 ; -v12/E1 1/E2 0 ; 0 0 1/G12 ] fprintf ( ‘Stiffness Matrix ‘ ) Q=inv ( S ) % Stress computation fprintf ( ‘Stress calculation ‘ ) fprintf ( ‘Sigma-x ‘ ) sigmax= ( p*r ) / ( 2*t1 ) % Longitudinal emphasis ‘ fprintf ( ‘Sigma-y ‘ ) sigmay= ( p*r ) /t1 % Hoop emphasis fprintf ( ‘Txy ‘ ) Txy =0 % Shear emphasis fprintf ( ‘Optimized angle in degree ‘ ) o=54.7 % Optimized angle in grade % Stress computation at merely optimized angle fprintf ( ‘Stress computation at optimized angle ‘ ) fprintf ( ‘Longitudinal emphasis at optimized angle ‘ ) sigma1= ( sigmax* ( cosd ( o ) ^2 ) ) + ( sigmay* ( Sind ( o ) ^2 ) ) % Longitudinal emphasis at optimized angle fprintf ( ‘Transverse emphasis at optimized angle ‘ ) sigma2= ( sigmax*sind ( o ) ^2 ) + ( sigmay*cosd ( o ) ^2 ) % cross emphasis at optimized angle fprintf ( ‘Shear emphasis at optimized angle ‘ ) Taa12= – ( sigmax*sind ( o ) *cosd ( o ) ) + ( sigmay*sind ( o ) *cosd ( o ) ) +Txy* ( cosd ( o ) ^2-sind ( O ) ^2 ) % Shear Stress at Optimized angle S= [ 1/E1 -v12/E1 0 ; -v12/E1 1/E2 0 ; 0 0 1/G12 ] ; Q=inv ( S ) ; fprintf ( ‘Angle orientation ‘ ) Angles= [ 0 90 54.7 54.7 90 0 ] fprintf ( ‘Thickness distribution ‘ ) t= [ 0.59 1.18 4.13 4.13 1.18 0.59 ] *10^-3 h=0 ; n_layers=length ( T ) ; for i=1: n_layers h=h+t ( I ) ; terminal omega ( 1 ) =-h/2 ; omega ( n_layers+1 ) =h/2 ; for i=2: n_layers omega ( I ) =z ( i-1 ) +t ( i-1 ) ; terminal A=zeros ( 3,3 ) ; B=zeros ( 3,3 ) ; D=zeros ( 3,3 ) ; for i=1: n_layers A= A + ( Qbar ( Q, Angles ( I ) ) * ( omega ( i+1 ) – omega ( I ) ) ) ; B= B + ( Qbar ( Q, Angles ( I ) ) * ( omega ( i+1 ) ^2 – omega ( I ) ^2 ) /2 ) ; D= D + ( Qbar ( Q, Angles ( I ) ) * ( omega ( i+1 ) ^3 – omega ( I ) ^3 ) /3 ) ; terminal fprintf ( ‘ABD Matrix ‘ ) ABD= [ A B ; B D ] fprintf ( ‘Forces Calculation ‘ ) NM = 10^3* [ 499 ; 998 ; 500 ; 0 ; 0 ; 0 ] fprintf ( ‘Calculating Initail Strain ‘ ) strainxy = inv ( ABD ) *NM % initial strain + curvatures Qavg=zeros ( 3,3 ) ; fprintf ( ‘Calculating Q-bar for each bed ‘ ) for i=1: n_layers Qavg= Qavg + ( ( Qbar ( Q, Angles ( I ) ) * ( omega ( i+1 ) – omega ( I ) ) ) /h ) ; fprintf ( ‘layer = % vitamin D, z = % 0.1f mm ‘ , I, omega ( i+1 ) *1000 ) Q_bar=Qbar ( Q, Angles ( I ) ) terminal fprintf ( ‘Calculating Q-average ‘ ) Q_avg=Qavg fprintf ( ‘Calculating S-average ‘ ) Savg=inv ( Qavg ) fprintf ( ‘Modulus of snap in x-axis direction ‘ ) Ex=1/Savg ( 1,1 ) fprintf ( ‘Modulus of snap in y-axis direction ‘ ) Ey=1/Savg ( 2,2 ) fprintf ( ‘Shear Modulus ‘ ) Gxy=1/Savg ( 3,3 ) vxy=-Savg ( 1,2 ) *Ex fprintf ( ‘Stress computation for each bed ‘ ) for i=1: n_layers fprintf ( ‘layer = % vitamin D, z = % 0.1f mm ‘ , I, omega ( i+1 ) *1000 ) fprintf ( ‘Strain-xy Produced in the bed ‘ ) strainxyk = strainxy ( 1:3,1:1 ) + omega ( I ) *strainxy ( 4:6,1:1 ) fprintf ( ‘Stress-xy Produced in the bed ‘ ) stressxyk = Qbar ( Q, Angle ( I ) ) *strainxyk stressLT=TM ( Angles ( I ) ) *stressxyk fprintf ( ‘layer = % vitamin D, z = % 0.1f mm ‘ , I, omega ( i+1 ) *1000 ) StrainLT=S*stressLT fprintf ( ‘Longitudinal Strain ‘ ) Strain_Longitudinal=StrainLT ( 1,1 ) % Longitudinal strain fprintf ( ‘Transverse Strain ‘ ) Strain_Transverse=StrainLT ( 2,1 ) % Transverse Strain fprintf ( ‘Longitudinal Stress ‘ ) Stress_Longitudinal=stressLT ( 1,1 ) % Longitudinal Stress fprintf ( ‘Transverse Stress ‘ ) Stress_Transverse=stressLT ( 2,1 ) % Transverse Stress fprintf ( ‘Shear Stress ‘ ) Stress_Shear= stressLT ( 3,1 ) fprintf ( ‘Applying Tsai–Hill standards ‘ ) Alpha= ( stressLT ( 1,1 ) /XT ) ^2- ( stressLT ( 1,1 ) *stressLT ( 2,1 ) /XT^2 ) + ( stressLT ( 2,1 ) /YT^2 ) + ( stressLT ( 3,1 ) /Sh ) ^2 if Alpha & A ; lt ; =1 fprintf ( ‘Ok Layer is safe ‘ ) else fprintf ( ‘Not Ok Layer is non safe ‘ ) terminal terminal2.8 DrumheadThree is a scarceness of literature in this the country of composite stuffs. Most of the literature available on composite force per unit area vas is about optimisation of fiber orientation while major part of it is about Glass fiber wherein the research workers identified the emphasis distribution utilizing different fiber orientation. These surveies found the consequence curtailing weight decrease by about 29 % ( K.M.Pandey, 2014 ; Javad Marzbanrad, 2013 ; and Rayapuri Ashok, 2013 ) . For analysis purpose many of research workers benefited from ANSYS as the finite component analysis package because this to them provides more user friendly interface and extremely elaborate analysis compatibility. They selected Shell-99 and Solid-46 ( 8 node ) as component for more optimized consequences. Their most important findings were that Carbon/Epoxy had provided the highest strength consequences with a comparatively high weight decrease. They conducted their probe at 54.7 ° because they presume that it could supply the most optimized consequences but it may non be allowable practically as referred by B.Vijay Kiran ( 2012 ) . They have besides selected 4 and 8 node elements wherein 16 node component is preferred because of its more precise consequences. The other surveies under reappraisal besides used maximal shear emphasis theory while on the other manus Tsai-Hill failure theory provide more better consequences in multilayered laminate analysis. These surveies besides used Abaqus package which may give less attested consequences when compared to analysis through ANSYS Workbench. We in our survey attempt to get the better of this spread and convey a feasible alternate solution of high strength, environmental friendly composite CNG cylinder.We have utilized Matlab for numerical analysis of laminated force per unit area vas. The merchandise will travel through a battery of trial in order to conform its genuineness and cogency.

Fast Food and Obesity Essay

People know that fast food is not good for them, but how bad is really and how much do people really know about the bad effects of fast food on their bodies? Most people have seen the â€Å"Super Size Me† documentary; yes Morgan Spurlock ate McDonalds for every meal for 30 days. Most people would gain weight from eating McDonalds for 30 days in a row, but even just eating McDonalds three times a week can have an impact on the body without people realizing it. And today according to The Center for Disease Control the childhood obesity rate grows every day from lack of exercising and a poor diet which leads to other health risks as well (Center for Disease Control, Atlanta 2010-2012). When Morgan Spurlock did the â€Å"Super Size Me† documentary, here he planned to eat at McDonalds for every meal for 30 days in a row and then would go to the physician periodically throughout the 30 days to see the side effects of eating fast food. Now given he did eat it for every meal for 30 days, most people figured there would be major side effects, but he wanted to prove to the public that even eating fast food a few times a week will make a difference on the body. And he proved that quite easily. Morgan Spurlock found many interesting facts about how bad fast food is on the body. Here are curios few: â€Å"McDonald’s feeds more than 46 million people a day – more than the entire population of Spain† there is no reason any fast food company should be feeding more people than the entire population of a country. In 1972, we spent 3 billion a year on fast food – today we spend more than $110 billion† if people spent the amount of money they do on other things besides fast food less people would be in debt. That money spent on fast food adds up quicker than people think. â€Å"Left unabated, obesity will surpass smoking as the leading cause of preventable death in America† and there is no reason that an obesity rate should pass preventable death by smoking. All of these facts as well as many others should be enough warning about how bad fast food really is, unfortunately it’s not. (Spurlock 2011. Childhood obesity these days has become somewhat the norm. People look around and see all of these overweight children and wonder how they got like that. Fast food and lack of exercise is more than likely to blame. When children become obese early in life that puts them at risk for health problems like diabetes, heart problems, bone loss, and many other health risks that children should not have at an early age. If parents helped them become more educated about the benefits of exercising regularly and eating right, the obesity rate in children might not be as high. The Center for Disease Control in Atlanta, GA says that â€Å"Childhood obesity has more than doubled in children and tripled in adolescents in the past 30 years (CDC Atlanta 2010-2012). This alone should be a wakeup call to parents about educating their children on the bad effects of fast food and the benefits of regular exercise. No parent should ever want a child to be a statistic. There are so many benefits to regular exercise, like looking good and feeling good about the way the body feels after exercising. It can make a great start to the day, it builds healthy muscle and builds strong bones and it is also burning all those calories from one too many fast food restaurant visits. If people eat fast food even just one to three times a week, regular exercise might also be a good idea to consider doing one to three times a week. When eating unhealthy food and not exercising, the body just holds onto all of the unhealthy fat, calories and carbohydrates, which is why exercising is so important when people eat fast food on a regular basis. The Mayo Clinic says that â€Å"Many fast food menu items are extremely high in calories and would take lengthy and intense sessions of physical exercise to burn off. When you want to lose weight, eliminate fast food and eat a low-calorie diet made up of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, lean meats and fat-free dairy products† (Wood 2011). Several fast food items can go well over 1,000 calories. Like Big Mac meals and Quarter Pounder meals. That many calories in one item is never good for the body. Studies say that the body would have to run for 7 hours to burn off one double cheese burger from a local fast food restaurant, those 7 hours do not even include the fries that were ordered, or that super-sized soft drink, and then the possible dessert snack that was ordered as well. So in reality the body would be running for over 10 hours. If the body is exercising regularly (more that 1-3 times a week) then yes, the occasional cheese burger is okay. Eating fast food is never a healthy option. Even the healthy looking salad on the menu at Chik-Fil-A is not healthy, it has more than over 800 calories. There are short term and long term health effects from eating fast food and not exercising along with it. Some short term effects are fatigue, a suppressed immune system, weight gain, skin problems and dehydration. Some long term effects are when the body eats fast food most of it contains antibiotics, hormones and steroids, consuming these things over a long period of time can cause a boost in weight gain and make the body more prone to consuming bacteria that can be harmful to the body (Snider 2012). The antibiotics the body consumes in fast food will make the body resistant to antibiotics when it is sick. Antibiotics being in the fast food will also cause obesity, and intestinal discomfort happening more often than it should. Fast food also contains polyunsaturated vegetable oils Consuming this over a long period of time has been linked to cancer, blood clots, inflammation, elevated blood pressure, digestion problems, compromised immunity, reproductive damage, and weight gain, and can lead to an imbalance of essential fatty acids that the body needs. Eating fast food can cause high cholesterol which leads to a higher risk for stroke or heart attack. It can also cause the body to have a clogged colon, and processed meats have been proven at the Live Strong health facilities to increase the risk of colon cancer by 36% if the body is consuming fast food 3-5 times a week. There are always healthier choices than fast food, but if the body is craving fast food keep in mind possible things to stay away from like heavy salad dressings, breaded or fried meat, french fries, mayonnaise, large portions, double meat, white bread, thick crusts and low fat desserts. Remember these things and when the body is craving that fast food it now has a more educated view on what to eat. Snider 2012) If all Americans could somehow be educated on the bad side effects of fast food and the benefits of regular exercise, I think that the obesity epidemic could diminish tremendously. I know from experience that it feels so good to be healthy. Working out at the gym or taking a walk in the park makes me feel so good about myself and makes my body healthier and eating right does the same thing. Instead of having that greasy biscuit at the local fast food restaurant, try trading it for a bowl of oatmeal and some fruit and a glass of orange juice in the morning. The body will notice differences like not aving to feel bad for that biscuit it ate, it is also going to feel more awake and have more energy, rather than feeling tired from eating that greasy breakfast. Just remember exercise is always important, whether the body consumes fast food or not, exercise is always good for anyone and everyone. Moderation is key. If the body must have that fast food try limiting the fast food to once or twice a month, rather than once or twice a week like most people are used to. The best part in my opinion of not eating fast food as often or not at all is it saves me a ton of money!

The Four Different ResearchTheories & Differences and Similarities Assignment

The Four Different ResearchTheories & Differences and Similarities between theory and hypothesis - Assignment Example In the process of criminal research there are many things to consider in teaching people on criminal justice research. However, to be able to understand the plan in construction new crime prevention strategy city wide there are major points that require to be discussed. The main points that will be tackled for educational information will include definition of theories of inductive, deductive, axiomatic as well as grounded research theories (Ireland, Berg & Mutchnick, 2010). In addition, looking at all these theories, one can be considered to be more valid than the rest. There are a number of theories introduced in the criminal justice system and they all have differences and similarities that that make them separate entities in the field of criminal justice. Knowing the theories is one main point but being able to define the variables and their importance as theoretical schemes components is crucial to providing learning information to police captains. Key Differences between the Research Theories In this section, a generalization of the four theories will be given to gain a basic understanding of each one. Deductive reasoning takes general information and gives it a particular instance. An example of this kind of reasoning can be dogs sleep twelve hours a day. Understanding that this may be true for one dog, it can be concluded that that is also true for all dogs based on the fact that they have the same biology. Inductive reasoning involves taking well detailed facts and applying them to general principles. An example could be that all cows are spotted. Another example could be that every day the sun rises in the morning and sets in the evening. It can be said to be a simplified version of facts such as location, speed and viewpoints (Ireland, Berg & Mutchnick, 2010).... Deductive reasoning takes general information and gives it a particular instance. An example of this kind of reasoning can be dogs sleep twelve hours a day. Understanding that this may be true for one dog, it can be concluded that that is also true for all dogs based on the fact that they have the same biology. Inductive reasoning involves taking well detailed facts and applying them to general principles. An example could be that all cows are spotted. Another example could be that every day the sun rises in the morning and sets in the evening. It can be said to be a simplified version of facts such as location, speed and viewpoints (Ireland, Berg & Mutchnick, 2010). Grounded theory is a methodology that is systematic involving coming up with a theory from data that is gathered and available. It is mainly used when doing qualitative research, even though it can be applicable for quantitative data. In other words it is the scientific method that has been reversed. One starts by collec ting data in a variety of ways first then from the data gathered a hypothesis is proposed. Using the axiomatic research theory, the system is made up of any set of axioms or postulate in coming up with a proposition that has not been demonstrated or proven but is considered to be self evident or is known to be true without any proof. From this all or some of the axioms can be used together to come up with logically derived theorems. In other words the data is taken to be factual without having to necessarily prove it (Hagan, 2009). Which theory is more valid? Looking at the four theories the grounded theory can be considered to be more valid based on the methodology it uses. Its apparent ability to come up with theories by use of an inductive approach has put it forward as very relevant

News Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

News Story - Essay Example Irrespective of these market determined prices of goods and services economies goes through various phases of boom and depression, a fact that affect consumers ability to afford some goods and services over time (Martha, 1989). Tracing this changes in the 1920s indicated a need to establish measures that can help consumers boost their affordability of various goods and services (Martha, 1989). Introducing these measure which included among others credit buying were established to help consumers get goods and services which otherwise could have been out of their reach. Credit buying is where a consumer is given with a promise to pay later (Martha, 1989). It therefore means that with this mode an individual would be able to access goods and services that otherwise would have been out of his reach and pay for them later when he is able or in installment (Martha, 1989). Credit comes in different forms and has evolved since 1920s, incorporating technology and other modern means of payment. The most modern form of credit buying has incorporate the concept of plastic money and is to most popular known as credit cards (Martha, 1989) Credit buying as indicated in the introduction allows buyers to get good and services now and pay for them later (Martha, 1989). The 1920s introduced many modern conveniences and was commonly referred to as the roaring 20s for this reason. These period marked overwhelming rise of modern consumer culture (Martha, 1989). This meant rise in exciting opportunities to buy stylish clothing, cars and house appliances that defined status and comfort. Among these modern conveniences was the concept of buying on credit to help consumers buy not just within their means. With the surge of new exciting opportunities, new financing modes were introduced to help consumers cope with increasing need for an easy life (Martha, 1989). New products in the 1920s

What is beauty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

What is beauty - Essay Example fixed in the subconscious memory of the person at the gene level as a result of human evolution. This implies that beautiful form, line, shape and color combination are practical solutions worked out by millions of years of natural selection. Can something be beautiful to one person but not to another?  David Hume said that: â€Å"Beauty is no quality in things themselves: It exists merely in the mind which contemplates them; and each mind perceives a different beauty. One person may even perceive deformity, where another is sensible of beauty; and every individual ought to acquiesce in his own sentiment, without pretending to regulate those of others†. (Hume. p.136) I consider that this thesis is the main concept of beauty. In my understanding of this question I relay on this thesis. So I can say â€Å"Yes†, one and the same thing can be beautiful to one person but not to another. Does a work of art have to be beautiful to be considered good art?  I consider that the art must be beautiful. Some pictures of modern artists can be called art but not all the people find them beautiful. Here be back to the main concept of beauty saying that one and the same thing can be interpreted in different ways by different people. The understanding of beautifulness of the art can vary depending on the persons’ perception. It also depends on a cultural belonging of a person that is what we call authentic art of different cultures. So, as an inference I can say that art is a very versatile concept which cannot be enclosed in one thing as a beauty-gauge. Is beauty just a physical thing? Who or what decides what the standers of beauty are? Scientists have found that from the microcosm to the cosmos, everything exists in harmony due to the law called the "divine proportion". If there is a subjective idea of ​​beauty, a masterpiece of music, painting or poetry, everything meets this criterion. It could be derived geometrically from a right triangle and his unit

Global Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Global Supply Chain Management - Essay Example This increased tendency of supermarkets selling fresh produce has been driven by consumer demand changes, particularly as the standard of living improves and consumer awareness regarding healthy living grows (Batt & Noonan, 2009: p95). Food has become one of the key measures of life quality, including how the consumers buy the food. Markets that sell produce with no quality guarantee and a poor environment cannot satisfy consumer demand, especially for those consumers pursuing a life of high quality. This type of consumer wants to purchase desirable food within an environment that they feel is comfortable. In the UK, produce markets have gradually given way to supermarkets, which is a reflection of consumer demand changes. Today, at least 80-95% of fresh produce is sold in groceries and supermarkets, which are also the biggest buyers of DGI’s produce, while the commercialization of fruit in the UK today stands at 90%, that of meat products at 50%, and vegetables and grain at o ver 30% (Batt & Noonan, 2009: p95). In such an environment, the traditional transactions involved in selling produce cannot satisfy production and selling of mass produce.   Supply chain management involves a chained process via which services, materials, organizations, and plans flow to the consumer/terminal user from the supplier. Xiao and Chen (2012: p792) contends that the strength and efficiency of the supply chain is always determined by the weakest link within the chain. Unlike traditional management of logistics.

Right to Rule Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Right to Rule - Essay Example However, though the Supreme Court allowed itself to be bullied into submission, the country now has the chance to right the wrong committed four years ago and reinstate Estrada as president. Many things stand in favor of this. Therefore, though Chief Justice Davide and GMA stole the presidency from Erap and the Filipino people, now there is a chance that this injustice might be reversed. The truth regarding the conduct of former president Estrada has never really been sought by the Philippine Supreme Court. Over the past four years and with little success, Estrada's lawyer has repeatedly sought an audience with the justices of that court, arguing that his client had not received a fair trial. According to the constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, attorneys are allowed to call into question judgments made by the Supreme Court, provided the attorney act respectfully, in accordance with the law, and also provided that the faith of the people in the judicial system is not harmed. The law has made allowance for the fallibility of the Supreme Court and agrees to hear any respectful and warranted complaint brought against it. The truth of this was, however, not evident in the Court's handling of the appeals made by attorney Alan F. Paguia in defense of President Estrada. Rather, he has been accused of "seeking to breathe life into the carcass of a long-dead issu e" (CITATION). These and other similar accusations were made after Paguia, upon going before the Sandiganbayan, requested the following: First, that President Estrada be given the opportunity to vindicate himself and prove that he was not allowed to have a fair trial; and second, that Panganiban and several of the other key players in the prosecution's case be issued a subpoena to provide documents that prove their support of the edict that proclaimed Vice President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo as the new president of the Republic of the Philippines. However, this motion was denied and Paguia declared by the court to be belligerent and seeking to incite public mistrust of the judicial system. His behavior was described as "an obstinate display of defiance" (CITATION). Furthermore, it was said that "in liberally imputing sinister and devious motives and questioning the impartiality, integrity, and authority of the members of the Court, Atty. Paguia has only succeeded in seeking to impede, obstruct, and p ervert the dispensation of justice" (CITATION). Consequently, his license to practice law was indefinitely suspended by the Sandiganbayan. To allow himself to be barred from his profession, it would appear that Paguia, in making those appeals in the behalf of President Estrada, was acting upon a principle. In fact, he appears to have been morally obliged to assert these claims because of the manner in which the original case was handled. The components of the four-pronged charges in the case against President Erap are all monetary in nature. They consist of funds received from illegal gambling (jueteng), funds from the tobacco excise tax, commissions received from Bell Corporation, and owning an account in the name of Jose Velarde. These allegations

Email - New Travel Policy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Email - New Travel Policy - Assignment Example Moreover, it has been noted that, travel expenses outweigh the estimated per diem allowance by far. To implement the new policy, the company ill issues travel expense credit cards to each department. To avoid unofficial use of the card, the cards will be managed by department heads and will only be issued for an on-duty travel. The cards will be loaded with monthly intervals unless on special request by the department. Given that most travel agencies have incorporated e-payments the cards are expected to be very effective. Secondly, each transaction via the card automatically reflects both in the general accounting department as well as the respective departments finance office. Due to the urgency and seriousness of the problem, the new policy ought to kick off from next month. Therefore, each department is expected collect a loaded credit card from the accounting department by the end of this month. Remarkably, as from 1st November, the accounting department won’t accept any travel expenses for travel

Solution Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Solution Paper - Essay Example Expectant women are advised to avoid any drugs not prescribed to protect the unborn child (Kozlowski, Henningfield & Brigham, 2001). Tobacco smoking is addictive with users being unable to quit. Tobacco contains many harmful chemicals that enter the mother’s bloodstream. The nutrients are passed from mother to child through the placenta. The harmful chemicals pass to the child through the placenta that may cause cancer. The mother’s blood also provides oxygen to the unborn child. Excessive smoking by the mother cuts off the child’s oxygen supply. Low oxygen supply may result to malformation of child, stillbirth or premature delivery. Women should avoid tobacco to ensure increase the chances of giving birth to healthy children. Chemicals in tobacco may also be passed to the newborn child through breast milk or secondary smoking. Educating women on the harmful effect of cigarettes is important to improve on infant mortality. Information should be provided to women at a young age to ensure that they make informed decisions when choosing cigarettes. For addicted women, the user can use remedies to overcome nicotine addiction. It is difficult to quit smoking due to the addictive nature of the drug. The nicotine problem can be countered using nicotine patches. Women who are addicted to tobacco can use the nicotine patches to reduce the withdrawal effects. Nicotine patches are effective over a long time despite their slow mode of action. Gum and lozenges can also be used to reduce the harmful effects of nicotine. Gum and lozenges are fast acting but the user should reduce their use over time (Kozlowski, Henningfield & Brigham, 2001). Behaviour modification therapy will help reduce the problem of nicotine addiction. The user talks to other addicts or a counselor on ways to reduce dependency on nicotine. Behaviour modification therapy may be accompanied by medication prescribed to reduce the effects on nicotine on the user. The user should

Enders Game Essay Example for Free

Enders Game Essay Human beings are free except when humanity needs them. Maybe humanity needs you. To do something. Maybe humanity needs me—to find out what youre good for. We might both do despicable things, Ender, but if humankind survives, then we were good tools. Graff is explaining to Ender the philosophy behind everything they are doing. Although Ender does not know it at the time, this is the same reasoning that the adults will use to manipulate the children time and time again. Ender objects to this idea, because he believes that people are more than just tools, but nevertheless it is the pervading ideology of the I.F. throughout the book. This philosophy justifies doing terrible things in the name of humanity, and it also means that individuals will have to make awful sacrifices for their species. In the moment when I truly understand my enemy, understand him well enough to defeat him, then in that very moment I also love him. I think its impossible to really understand somebody, what they want, what they believe, and not love them the way they love themselves. Ender is telling Valentine why he hates himself. He is able to understand his enemies better than anyone else, but once he understands them he destroys them. With such tremendous empathy, even in coming to understand his worst enemies Ender loves them. This means that when he crushes them he is hurting himself in the process. Ender does not want to have enemies, so that he will not be forced to hurt anybody. He will love even those who seem to be his most bitter enemies when he properly understands them. But in the situations Ender has been in he has no choice other than destroying those enemies. At the end of the book, when Ender comes to truly understand the buggers, he is able to try to help them. He has already done them great harm, but now he can be happy because he has a chance to undo what he did to them. So the whole war is because we cant talk to each other. If the other fellow cant tell you his story, you can never be sure he isnt trying to kill you. What if we just left them alone? Ender, we didnt go to them first, they came to us. If they were going to leave us alone, they could have done it a hundred years ago, before the First Invasion. Maybe they didnt know we were intelligent life. Maybe— This conversation occurs when Graff tells Ender his theory of why they are at war with the buggers. Graff tells Ender that since the buggers communicate through thought, they probably cannot understand that humans are thinking beings. Ender therefore wants to know why this cannot be remedied.

Theodore Roethke, “My Papa’s Waltz” (999) Essay Example for Free

Theodore Roethke, â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† (999) Essay Theodore Roethke (1948) My Papas Waltz The whiskey on your breath Could make a small boy dizzy; But I hung on like death: Such waltzing was not simple. We romped until the pans Slid from the kitchen shelf; My mothers countenance Could not unfrown itself. The hand that held my wrist Was battered on one knuckle; At every step you missed My right ear scraped a buckle. You beat time on my head With a palm caked hard by dirt, Then waltzed me off to bed Still clinging to your shirt. Summary A man recounts the childhood memories of his father coming home from work and dancing with him. They dance wildly; make a mess of the kitchen. Her mother does not approve. Next the father puts him to bed with the child tightly holding on to him. Paraphrase The smell of whisky on your mouth was strong enough to make a child like me giddy. However it did not stop me from keeping a tight grip on you as this type of rowdy dancing was not easy. We danced wildly till the utensils glide from the mantelpiece. My mother did not approve of our behavior and glared at us. The hand which supported my wrist had one knuckle tattered. Each time you put a wrong step, my right ear rubbed the hard surface of your belt. You hit me occasionally on my head with your palm which was covered with solid mud. Afterwards you dance me to my bed while I kept a firm hold on your shirt. Short Decision Part After reading the poem Theodore Roethke’s â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz†, for the second time I understood that the poem is a narration of the happy childhood memories of the author. The very title of the poem, â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz†, where the child mentions his father as ‘papa’ confirms the fact that the child has great affection for his father. The sentence ‘The whisky on your breath could mean that his father enjoys a drink before going to bed. The word ‘death’ means that the son enjoys but this rowdy dance is not easy so the son holds tightly to his father to avoid falling. When their wild dance made the kitchen untidy, his mother only frowned. Her silence shows that it is just a harmless dance between father and son. The sentence ‘You beat time on my head’ means that his father affectionately beat on his head with the rhythm of the dance.   I think that the last two lines, where the child tells that the father dancingly moved towards the his bed and put him to sleep, yet the child does not loosen his hold on his father’s shirt confirms that there is great and love and affection between the father and son. Reference Theodore Roethke, My Papas Waltz. 3 October 2007. http://gawow.com/roethke/poems/43.html

Are Some Human Rights More Fundamental Than Others Philosophy Essay

Are Some Human Rights More Fundamental Than Others Philosophy Essay In general, its a very complicated question , whether we should consider some human rights more fundamental than the other ones and to follow this argument. Disagreements over this matter, whether certain human rights are more fundamental than another ones , have occurred over past decades between countries with different political ideologies. But, in any case, this argument shouldnt be accepted as abuse towards the other ones. This comes from the fact, that these more fundamental rights are the basis of human rights in general, also the basic for other less fundamental rights. However, each democratic republic should be based on the support of all kind of rights not making a distinction between them as more or less fundamental. In the scope of each person concerning this matter I think that it is to be a private concept. And each person , most likely each human being has dignity and value  [1]  . And one of the ways that we are able to recognize this fundamental worth is to acknowledge and to respect a persons human rights first of all. Human rights are concerned with equality and fairness. Its very necessary to recognize their freedom to make choices about their life and also develop their potential as human beings. They are about living a life free from fear, harassment or discrimination. Meanwhile , there is a number of basic rights that people from all over the world have agreed on, such as the right to life  [2]  , freedom from torture and other cruel and inhuman treatment  [3]  , rights to a fair trial  [4]  , free speech and freedom of religion  [5]  , rights to health, education and an adequate standard of living. These human rights , that are considered to be fundamental , are the same for all people everywhere male and female, young and old, rich and poor, regardless of their background where they live, what they think or what they believe in. So, this is the main reason that makes human rights universal and at the same time also fundamental. Among all these fundamental rights , there are some that have a description whether something is lawful or not: for example, some rights may be laid down in law. Consequently if one has a legal right to something , so he may be able to defend it in the court. Besides, in many situations rights exist but are not covered by law . In this case we deal with rights that are often called moral rights and are based on peoples sense of what is fair or just. In other words, we can say that these moral rights are also the part of fundamental human rights. For example, the freedom from torture and other cruel and inhuman treatment can mostly be covered as moral right. As we know, Human rights are not a new invention. The discussion of this idea can be traced back to the ancient civilizations of Babylon, China and India. However, a significant development of in Human rights took place in the 18th Century , during a time of revolution and emerging national identities. It was the American Declaration of Independence that was based on the understanding that certain rights, such as life, liberty and pursuit of happiness, were fundamental to all people. At that time indeed we can say, that just these rights could be considered as more fundamental. But at the same, having a look at this concept in the context of other rights, its obvious that all the rights should be considered as fundamental. I would like to mention, that by saying fundamental rights I mostly consider just these rights, too, in particular the right to life and liberty, because these are just the basis of other rights. Besides, the growth of totalitarian regimes in the 20th Century and the atrocities of World War 2 made the protection of Human rights an international priority. This was a significant opportunity to make an attempt in the sphere of developing a comprehensive statement of Human rights, which was finally made in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (The UDHR). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was unanimously adopted by the members of the United Nations (among those also the Republic of Armenia since 1995), on the 10th of December in 1948. Human rights, in general, cover every area of human life and activity. And thats the reason why we call them fundamental. They include civil and political rights, such as freedom of speech and freedom from torture. They also include social and cultural rights, such as the rights to health and education. Certain rights apply to individuals are known as individual rights. Others apply to groups of people, such as women and children: these are consequently called collective rights. This classification above is made in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Having a look at the UDHR, we can notice that the rights and freedoms are classified to three forms. They are : Civil and Political rights  [6]  : they attempt to safeguard the individual, alone and in association with others. Economic , cultural and social rights  [7]  : they require governments to help their citizens to participate fully in society , such as the right to work and education. Solidarity rights  [8]  : they reflect the emergence of developing countries and their call for a global redistribution of power and wealth. These rights include the right to political , social and cultural self-determination and the right to economic and social development. The classification to three forms of rights may itself cause a reasonable conflict in the matter, if which of the forms of rights is considered to be more fundamental than the other forms. In particular, its another question whether one of these forms of rights could take priority over the other ones. The main thing is that forms of rights , and accordingly the rights included in them are equally important for all human beings. And we should not say, that one of them must take priority over the others. The statistics shows that in recent decades there has been a tremendous growth in how we think about and apply human rights ideas. Thus, this has had a lot of positive results such as the knowledge about human rights, which can empower individuals and offer solutions for their specific problems. Besides, all kind of human rights should be considered as fundamental, as they have an important role in the sphere , where people interact with others at all levels in society in the family , schools, the workplace, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Therefore it is vital that people should strive to realize what human rights as fundamental rights are, and what kind of role they have in their life. This surely will help them to promote justice and the well-being of society. The main subject is that whether any rights are more fundamental than the others. The conclusions on this cant be unanimous, since disagreements over this have occurred over passed decades between countries with different political ideologies. These disagreements refer not to particular rights, but to the forms of rights (i.e. the classification of the rights), which is the same. However, over the last decade there finally has been a broad agreement between members of the United Nations, that human rights are universal, indivisible, interdependent and interrelated. In other words, all rights are equally fundamental and important, necessary in creating a strong and healthy society. So, Im finally coming to the conclusion, that all rights are equally fundamental. We should not make a distinction between them, classifying them to more or less fundamental. All democratic republics, among which is also the Republic of Armenia, have asserted in their Constitutions , that a person , his dignity , fundamental rights and freedoms are higher values  [9]  . This also is fixed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In particular, it says, that All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood  [10]  . We should take into consideration, that the Declaration neither segregates any rights nor stresses the priority of other ones. This means nothing, but only that all rights are equally important and fundamental. This idea is persisted in our Constitution due to Republic, as he is the one, who is responsible for our rights and does his best to protect them. This is one of the main functions of our Republic the protection of our rights!

Underground Economy :: essays papers

Underground Economy The author of the article describe the illicit CD market that is taking place in Ukraine. He explains that 95% of the CDs shipped out the Ukraine are illicit, the producers of those CDs are not just burning low quality CDs, they are even producing their own polycarbonate discs with their own logos as a mark of quality. The International Federation of Phonographic Industry (IFPI), which is actively looking for pirates that counterfeit CDs, seems to be desperate regarding fighting piracy in Ukraine as the law are inadequate and the Ukrainians have little or no knowledge of intellectual property. Those Ukrainians producing illegal copies of CDs are involved in the Ukrainian and European underground economy as they are making profit out of an illegal activity. The author give the example of a copy of Microsoft Office XP CD which cost $ 2.20 in Kiev and the original copy cost $ 580.00 in the USA. Those huge differences in prices are diminishing the profit of companies selling their products on CDs and they are therefore paying less taxes to the government where they are operating. The author of the article conclude by saying that Ukrainian government doesn’t have the will to terminate the illegal copies of CDs as the manufacturer employ lobbyists that exploit the unstable political environment to derail any move from the government to terminate their activities. Furthermore it seems to be very difficult to stop the counterfeiting of CDs as they are on the market before the legitimate versions are released. The author compare the battle against piracy like the war on drugs, one of the similitude is probably the shadowy organized-crime customers that both activities have in common. I believe like the author that it is quite impossible for international companies to sue any of the CD counterfeiter if the Ukrainian government doesn’t take an active part in the banishment of those factories. I also don’t believe that it is the government number one matter of problem, as we know that it is a country that has been going through the communist year and just got out of it, and there are many other important issues that are challenging the country and its government. Underground Economy :: essays papers Underground Economy The author of the article describe the illicit CD market that is taking place in Ukraine. He explains that 95% of the CDs shipped out the Ukraine are illicit, the producers of those CDs are not just burning low quality CDs, they are even producing their own polycarbonate discs with their own logos as a mark of quality. The International Federation of Phonographic Industry (IFPI), which is actively looking for pirates that counterfeit CDs, seems to be desperate regarding fighting piracy in Ukraine as the law are inadequate and the Ukrainians have little or no knowledge of intellectual property. Those Ukrainians producing illegal copies of CDs are involved in the Ukrainian and European underground economy as they are making profit out of an illegal activity. The author give the example of a copy of Microsoft Office XP CD which cost $ 2.20 in Kiev and the original copy cost $ 580.00 in the USA. Those huge differences in prices are diminishing the profit of companies selling their products on CDs and they are therefore paying less taxes to the government where they are operating. The author of the article conclude by saying that Ukrainian government doesn’t have the will to terminate the illegal copies of CDs as the manufacturer employ lobbyists that exploit the unstable political environment to derail any move from the government to terminate their activities. Furthermore it seems to be very difficult to stop the counterfeiting of CDs as they are on the market before the legitimate versions are released. The author compare the battle against piracy like the war on drugs, one of the similitude is probably the shadowy organized-crime customers that both activities have in common. I believe like the author that it is quite impossible for international companies to sue any of the CD counterfeiter if the Ukrainian government doesn’t take an active part in the banishment of those factories. I also don’t believe that it is the government number one matter of problem, as we know that it is a country that has been going through the communist year and just got out of it, and there are many other important issues that are challenging the country and its government.

An Ergonomic Evaluation Of The Kinesis Computer Keyboard :: essays research papers

An Ergonomic Evaluation of the Kinesis Computer Keyboard 1. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this information-technology age, everyday tasks are more and more related to computer. That ranges from basic jobs such as providing food recipes for housewives to complicated ones such as analyzing laboratory experimental data for scientists and engineers. This popularity of computer means that the time one has to spend with computer would be a lot more than in the past. Until now, the computers and computer peripherals in the market have been made according to the same design as the ones invented decades ago when computers are used only in large-scale scientific projects or big corporations. That means for most people the ergonomic value of these products obviously was not taken into account when designing them. Fortunately, at the moment, more companies are trying to change the way people work with computer by marketing a number of ergonomic products most notably keyboard, mouse and monitor. There are ergonomic keyboards, mice and monitors being released all the time. The reason why the focus is on these products is that they are the parts of computer one interfaces with the most while working with computer. The subject of whether these ergonomic keyboards, mice, monitors and other products really work attracts a lot of regular computer users. Thus, studies dedicated to it have been done. This report is based on one of the studies about an ergonomic keyboard from a manufacturer called Kinesis. This study looks not only on the effect of the keyboard on the users' body by mean of electromyographic activity but also on the learning rate of the users changing to this new style of keyboard. This is very useful since slow learning rate would lead to the decrease in effectiveness of work. Introduced in 1868 by Christopher Sholes, computer keyboard is still the primary data entry mode for most computer users. With the increase of computer, hence keyboard, usage at the moment, these problems of the keyboard users known as operator stress problems have developed. This is a kind of cumulative trauma disorders which is mainly caused by working excessively or repetitively with the same thing, keyboard, in this case, in the same position for a long period of time. This kind of disorder is considered to be the most expensive and severe one occurring in office environment. This leads to an amount of alternative designs introduced in the market with the main intention of reducing muscular stress required for typing. The reason why these designs have not yet replaced the old one is because of the familiarity of the

Essay on the Gods in Euripides Medea :: Euripides Medea Essays

Antigone Medea has just killed four people which are Creon the king of Corinth, the princess whom Jason is in love with, and her two little children. Jason then prays to gods, especially Zeus, father of all gods, to punish Medea for her crimes. From the context of the quote, the chorus is addressing the audience about the unexpected and unbelievable end of the play. Medea then gets away to Athens with a chariot lent to her by Helios, the sun god and her grandfather. Euripides always uses this kind of conclusion to end most of his works. Euripides suggests that the general theme of the quote is gods are not like what we think they are supposed to be. In other words, we can not expect much from the gods. Instead, we have to handle our matters on our own. The phrase, "Many are the Fates which Zeus in Olympus dispenses," tells us that gods do not favor mortal people. Even if gods do help mortals, that's only because those mortals have some kind of relationship with the gods. So, Euripides tells this story not in favor of the gods. The general thems is gods are not as good as they are supposed to be. Medea has been exiled for three times: from her home country near the Black Sea, from Jason's homeland Iolchos, and now from the city of Corinth. We would naturally think that a woman like Medea, being exiled for many times, is the most vulnerable and most powerless woman. She has got no friend and no citizenship. At the time of Euripides, being an exile is not an interesting position that a person wants to be in. It is like a suicide. Most people at that time in Greece view strangers as barbarians with no intelligence at all. In addition, Medea is going to be an exile with two children. She is supposed to be in lots of trouble. On the other hand, Jason has won the princess of Corinth's love. He is going to be Creon's son-in-law. Jason abandon's Medea after all she has done for him. Jason doesn't fear Medea at all because he has support from Creon, king of Corinth. Jason is supposed to be more powerful than Medea. Jason is the son-in-law of the king and Medea is an exile. But, as Eur ipides suggests, what the audience expects doesn't come true at all.

Project Management Essay

Scope of Project Since the project involves mega budget the evaluation and study of scope is necessary, to find if the country is prepared for such mega budget projects or not. In spite of having most of the odds against and the greater  challenge in front of owners, it is commendable the outcome they produced. The first Formula 1racing was grand success in India; it also saw the attendance of viewers more than 100,000. The world class quality produced in short span of time was commendable. After the grand success of first two editions of Indian Grand Prix this project has silenced the critics to an extent. The Indian GP boosted the economy, as it saw major boost in hotel industry. The hotel charges in Delhi and NOIDA were increased by 50% to 80% during the event. Travel and transportation services also made merry, while there was huge consumption increase for food and beverages. The formula 1 motor sport is huge money spinner and it is expected to bring more money in future. The assumption for revenues from F1’s commercial rights will reach $3.3bn in 2016, according to a report by Formula Money with sponsorship in 2011 returning fast. The research, based on data contained in the new edition of the annual Formula Money report, predicts that revenues for the sport’s commercial rights holder, the Formula One Group, will rise at a rate of 12.7 percent a year reaching $3,253m in five years’ time. Buddh International Circuit project was questioned as it was build keeping in the mind of Formula 1 Racing where Indian presentation is very less. There is only one Indian Team Force India co-owned by Dr. Vijay Malya that too has all foreign drivers. The only Indian driver who features in Formula 1 race is Narain Karthikeyan who drives for HRT. Seeing the response of first two F1 races experts are very much hope full about the success of such projects. Motor sport will develop in India; however, it will take time, Dr. Malya in an exclusive interview quoted â€Å"F1is not short term project, he gave example of champion team Red bull and the progress they made in 7 years.† The other countries like Malaysia and China have already ventured into Formula 1 race business. Most of the countries see it as investment to boost their tourism sector more than the sporting activity and indeed it does help in generating revenue in foreign currency as sport is having global presence and fans and followers in large numbers who travel across the globe for the love of sport. Economic Activity The project started with a mega budget of $400 million dollar. It had a great impact upon the economy. It brought India on the map of global motor sport, which is considered to be the biggest money spinning sport in the world  according to study conducted, the popularity of the sport can be measured by the fact that it had television viewers of 527 million Formula One world championship. Formula Ones economic effects and creation of jobs are significant, and its financial and political battles are widely reported. Its high profile and popularity make it a merchandising environment, which results in great investments from sponsors and budgets in the hundreds of millions for the constructors. Critics may question this project as the cost of the project is very high the track alone cost around $120 million and the operational cost of the circuit is $15 million to $20 million. Apart from the huge investment that Budhh International project has incurred, it is delivering rich dividends. The huge success of inaugural Indian Grand Prix which was full house already indicated the future of such projects in India. It has helped India gaining revenue from foreign countries. It will also give India exposure to high technology. The Site Buddh International Circuit is located in Greater Noida in the outskirts of Delhi. Greater Noida falls within the National Capital Region of India‟s capital – New Delhi and is adjacent to Noida, one of the largest industrial townships in Asia. It is located 40 kilometers (25 mi) to the south-east of New Delhi and 20 kilometers (12 mi) south-east of Noida. The Government of Uttar Pradesh then decided to incorporate the city of Greater Noida, as an extension to Noida, but with better planning, incorporating the lessons learned from the Noida development. The place is a perfect location for Budhh International Circuit as it takes only about 2.5 hours of road travel from Delhi making it easier even for fans of formula 1 coming for outside of the country for the love sport. Connecting the city to Agra is Yamuna Express way six lane express way which was formerly known as Taj Expressway. The circuit is part of the 2,500 acres (10 km2) Jaypee Greens Sports City, Greens Sports City home which also includes a 100,000 seat cricket stadium, 18-hole golf course, 25,000 seat field hockey stadium and a sports academy have been planned. The sports complex is expected to cost 40 billion ($820 million) and generate $170m of revenue annually, and employ 10,000 people. Infrastructural Development The projects like BIC boost infrastructural development in the area. It has encouraged the urbanization of the area. It is sign of fast developmental growth of the area. With infrastructure giant like Jaypee Group entering in the area, they can take the development to whole new level. The Jaypee Group is a conglomerate based in Noida, India. It was founded by Jaiprakash Gaur which is involved in well diversified infrastructure conglomerate with business interests in Engineering & Construction, Power, Cement, Real Estate and Hospitality. The project BIC has improved the interest of the people in considering Greater Noida as residential place. The other industries have also acknowledged the development in the area and now they are seeking this as an opportunity to grow their business and moving their business to the town. Such Mega projects not only require big budgets, they also required enhanced technology in order to finis the project on time. The Mega projects like BIC can not be accomplished without the use of high technology in other words; these projects also introduced high technologies to this area in order to boos the urbanization at fast pace. The urbanization of the area is helping in improving the quality of life of the people living in the area as they get to enjoy world class facility. The service level and quality of various important services such as hospitals and educational institutes has improved to great deal. The urbanization always attracts investment from company which will mean consumer will have more option and better quality of service. Trade and Tourisms The Buddh circuit has been built as a flagship development for a bigger project: a new town with a population of several hundred thousand, which will have malls, sports and education facilities, and will sit astride a new motorway linking it to Delhi, 32km away, and Agra, 190km away. The Buddh International circuit has brought, boost to the tourism and trade both as it has increased the number of foreign visitors who come follow the Formula 1 race. The world class architecture and the facilities available at the circuit give fans run for their money. The hospitality sector has gained a lot from the projects like Budhh International Circuit. Because of the  number of event this circuit is hosting, they getting increase numbers of foreign visitors. Hospitality sector will improve their status, as the auto-racing events might bring in great effects of tourism into the country. It promotes the country not only as one of the tourist attraction but will also attract sport lovers from all over the world. Hotel industry is expecting growth in their business as the people who come to watch events like Formula One try to find accommodation in near by location. It is also generating business opportunities for other sectors related to travel and transportation. The teams carry their own machines and equipments while venturing in such competitions which require good and fast moving transportation facilities. Hotel and the hospitality industry will benefit greatly from Formula One Entertainment as they would provide accommodation and food for their staff. The number of visitors expected to increase as the BIC is all set to stage Superbike World Championship (WSBK) in 2013. Increase number of events will definitely boost the foreign currency inflow to the country and will help to build and promote Indian tourism Industry. Environmental Effects Despite all the benefits from the BIC, there are several undeniable impacts it has on the environment. The new development will mean more pollution issues. The population are concerned that their health will be jeopardized by there recent increase of development. The motorsport adds to air and noise pollution as the roaring sound of the engine creates noise pollution, as result you may find most of the people watching formula 1 race in circuit wearing ear plugs. And this is a life threatening sport as cars run at alarming speed at which accident can easily take place jeopardizing the life or car drivers and others. Cultural Effects The development projects like BIC have changed the environment from agriculture base to new developed town. The state government has taken land from framers for this Mega project, which is a part bigger infrastructural development in this part of the state. The development has produced both employment and unemployment. Even though there are a lot of job opportunities since so much of development has happened, people facing  challenge as they have re-skill themselves. Developments in area, which once lack of modern facilities has offered more schools for the children‟s education, better hospital facilities, and more job opportunities. With the area getting international exposure more and more companies willing to invest in land here. Real estate business in the area has really picked up the pace as the rate of the land moving up high, creating business opportunities, as more and more people willing to invest in land here. Most of the Formula 1 fans are from western countries and the Indian will get too much exposure from the western cultures and values. This does not imply that the western cultures and values are negative but rather does not fit into the way of life of the Indian cultures. This might created what is called the generation gap between the younger generations and the older generations as the younger generations are influenced by western cultures while the older generations are by the traditional Indian cultures. The Controversy The disparity between headline-grabbing projects such as the Buddh circuit and the poverty that surrounds them has been well documented. But the myriad conflicts generated by the transformation of India are heard about less often. The track has been greeted with fanfare in journalist and sporting circles, and with legislation and protests elsewhere. Public-interest litigation was filed against the government of Uttar Pradesh, the state where the complex is located, and the Jaypee Group. The PIL claimed that because Formula One is an elitist sport, the state government has no right to exempt Jaypee from paying entertainment taxes, alleging that the exemption was granted only because the company is â€Å"very close to the political leadership.† In order to construct the circuit, the lands of some three hundred farmers were purchased by the state government. However, in August 2011 – three months before the inaugural race – the farmers in question expressed dissatis faction with the project and threatened to dismantle the circuit â€Å"with force if necessary†, demanding more money and stating that they felt the land should have been zoned for industrial estates to generate more employment in the area. Meanwhile, farmers on whose land the circuit now stands continue to protest. The land was bought by the state government in 2007 for the development of roads and industry.  Farmers complained they had not received the compensation or jobs they were promised. Bhatta-Parsaul made headlines in the summer when police attacked farmers who had been protesting about the compulsory purchase of their lands by the government of Uttar Pradesh. Allegations of police brutality and violence provoked by land disputes are commonplace. This is particularly true on the outskirts of cities where exploding populations, growing wealth and rampant property speculation combine with repressive colonial-era laws and corrupt officials. Objective The objective of the study is to evaluate the project and check the feasibility of such mega budget project and to see if India the country which is still going through economical reforms and the county which having high „Power Distance Index’ is ready for such mega budget projects. The study focuses upon the scope that project such as Buddh International Circuit carries. It takes upon the Formula 1 motor sports, potential for generating revenue and its scope in India. It also takes on its impact of economy and revenue generation. The number of business and employment opportunity it provides. Also take on its impact on the tourism industry in India and other sub industry in India. Bearing the fact in min it provides excellent international exposure for India as the sports is banking upon huge media coverage. It is having such a large viewership which only considered second to Olympic. Formula One can be seen live or tape delayed in almost every country and territory arou nd the world and attracts one of the largest global television audiences. The 2008 season attracted a global audience of 600 million people per race. According to the reports year 2011 saw global viewers 515 million. The precise figures for year 2012 are not available. However, there seems to be decline in the number of viewers for year 2012. The study also takes a look at the Indian representation at Formula 1. The only Indian Formula 1 driver Narain Karthikeyan who drives for HRT in an interview said it is very difficult to break in to Formula 1 circuit. However, the future of this sport is bright in India as, people in India have more knowledge about the sport unlike China where it is limited to Shanghai only. The Indian Team Force India performed well in the both the edition of the Indian Grand Prix. However, the performance was better in  the inaugural Grand Prix. The study also focuses upon the F1‟s impact on culture, environment and controversy related to the BIC project, the controversy which created political issues in the territory. 6. Analysis On the analysis of the sport we can find that Formula 1 is money draining spots, it requires large budget as an average formula one car can easily cost around $100 million dollar. On the contrary it has huge fan following, the sport is one the richest and one the viewed sports of the televisions, having viewership in hundreds of millions, making it big money spinning sport. According to sources the revenue generated by F1 from commercial right in year 2010 was an astonishing amount of $1.587 billion, which is expected to grow further in future. The sport promises to be the huge money spinner. The analysis of the BIC infrastructure and the world class facility it contains, one can say this is a worth project. BIC has successfully hosted the Indian Grand Prix twice and received and accolade from international fraternity. The CEO of F1 Mr. Bernie Ecclestone has already acknowledged BIC as one the best racing circuits of the world. The investment and operational cost analysis of BIC proj ects shows that it requires mega budget and the operational cost of the circuit is also very high which is almost around $15 million to $20million per year. The state of art and world class facility of this circuit makes it suitable for events, which are very necessary for preventing it from becoming white elephant. The circuit is also about to host World Superbike Series. The analysis of impacts of BIC it has some positive and some negative impact. It has really boosted the infrastructural development in the area. The events like F1 race giving India Global exposure and thereby giving Indian tourism and hospitality industry a chance to grow further. The Formula 1fans follow this sport from across the globe and most of them are wealthy and ready spend for luxuries. In that way project BIC has opened gate for foreign currency inflow. The projects also have some negative impact also it started on the land bought from farmers, which created controversy later and became big political issue, apart from this the owner group also came under scanner for tax exemption. This project was also seen as threat to environment as it causes both air and noise pollution. BIC has been successful in hosting two  of the mega event it has also given India a great recognition on the global world motor sport map. It is also creating employment and business opportunities.

Project Appraisal

Subject Code: PPA1C Paper: PROJECT APPRAISAL Specific Instructions: ?Answer all the four questions. ?Marks allotted 100. Each Question carries equal marks. ?Word limit is 200 – 300words General Instructions: ?The Student should submit this assignment in the handwritten form (not in the typed format) ? The Student should submit this assignment within the time specified by the exam dept ? Each Question mentioned in this assignment should be answered within the word limit specified ? The student should only use the Rule sheet papers for answering the questions. The student should attach this assignment paper with the answered papers. ?Failure to comply with the above Five instructions would lead to rejection of assignment. _____________________________________________________ Question No 1 A choice is to be made between two competing projects which requires an equal investment of Rs 50,000 and are expected to generate net cash flow as under: Project 1Project 2 End of year 1Rs. 50 ,000Rs. 20,000 End of year 2Rs. 30,000Rs. 24,000 End of year 3Rs. 20,000Rs. 36,000 End of year 4NilRs. 50,000 End of year 5Rs. 24,000Rs. 16,000 End of year 6Rs. 12,000Rs. 8,000 The cost of capital of the company is 10% . The following are the Present Value Factors @ 10% per annum: YearP. V . Factors @10% p. a 10. 909 20. 826 30. 751 40. 683 50. 621 60. 564 Which project proposal should be chosen and why? Evaluate the project proposals as under: †¢Discounted Cash Flow. †¢Pay back period methods, pointing out their relative merits and demerits. †¢Under what circumstances is the pay back period method and the NPV Method used for evaluating projects. Question No 2 (A)What is the rationale for NPV Method? Discuss the feature of NPV Method? (B) Teja international is determining the cash flow for a project involving replacement of an old machine by a new machine. The old machine bought a few years ago has a book value of Rs 800,000 and it can be sold to realize a post tax salvage value of rs 900000. It has a remaining life of 5 years after which its net salvage value is expected to be Rs 200,000. it is being depreciated annually at a rate of 25% under the WDV method . The incremental working capital associated with this machine is 500,000. The new machine cost rupees 300,000 . It is expected to fetch a net salvage value of Rs 1. 500,000 after five years . The depreciation rate applicable to it is 25% under the WDV method . The new machine is expected to bring a saving of Rs 650,000 annually in manufacturing costs(other than depreciation ). The tax rate applicable to the firm is 30% : a)Estimate the cash flow associated with the replacement project. b)What is the NPV of the replacement project if the cost of capital is 14%. Question No 3 a)The management of Parmila Ltd. is considering an investment project costing Rs. ,50,000 and it will have a scrap value of Rs. 10,000 at the end of its 5 years life. Transportation charges and installation charges are expected to be Rs. 5,000 and Rs. 25,000 respectively. If the project is accepted, a spare part inventory of Rs. 10,000 must also be maintained. It is estimated that the spare parts will have an estimated scrap value of 60% of their initial cost after 5 years. Annual revenue from the project is expected to be Rs. 1,70,000; and annual labour, material and maintenance expenses are estimated to be Rs. 15,000, Rs. 0,000 and Rs. 5,000 respectively. The depreciation and taxes for five years will be — YearDepreciationTax (Rs. )(Rs. ) 1 2 3 4 572,000 43,200 32,400 21,600 80011,200 22,720 27,040 31,360 39,680 Calculate the net cash flows for each year and cost of the project. Evaluate the project at 12% rate of interest. b)How gestation period of an on-going project affects Project financing decisions? Question No 4(A) The data concerning a site development project at the end of the 10th week of Implementation is given below: ActivityProgress (%) t the end of 10th weekBudgeted Cost at Completion (BAC)Actual Cost of work performed (ACWP) PlannedActual(Rs. Lakhs)(Rs. Lakhs) A B C D E F G H I J K L100 50 100 100 50 100 70 — — 100 200 2090 40 80 100 20 80 60 — 10 90 90 —5 35 5 10 20 10 15 5 10 15 10 207 15 5 10 5 10 9 — 1 13 9 — Total16084 The Project is scheduled to be completed at the end of the 20th week. Calculate the costs forecast at completion, assuming that the remaining work shall progress . Question No 4 (B): a)S Limited has Rs. 10, 00,000 allocated for capital budgeting purposes. The following proposals and associated Profitability Index have been determined. ProjectAmount (Rs. )Profitability Index 1 2 3 4 5 6300,000 150,000 350,000 450,000 200,000 400,0001. 22 0. 95 1. 20 1. 18 1. 20 1. 05 Which of the above investment should be undertaken? Assume that the Projects are indivisible and there is no alternative use of the money allotted for capital budgeting. b)Project Cost Estimation is a vital factor for starting the business. As a Financial Analyst, you are required to prepare the steps for cost estimation

Fin 419 Week 5 Team Assignment with Answers

Principles of Managerial Finance FIN/419 P12. 4 Break even analysis. Barry Carter is considering opening a music store. He wants to estimate the number of CDs he must sell to break even. The CDs will be sold for $13. 98 each, variable operating costs are $10. 48 per CD, and annual fixed operating costs are $73,500. A) Find the operating breakeven point in number of CDs. Q= FC / P- VC Q= 73,500 / 13. 98 – 10. 48 Q= 21,000 CDs B) Calculate the total operating costs at the breakeven volume found in part a. EBIT= Q x (P – VC) – FC EBIT= 21,000 x (13. 98 – 10. 48) – 73,500 EBIT= 21,000 x 3. 5 – 73,500 EBIT= 0 C) If Barry estimates that at a minimum he can sell 2,000 CDs per month, should he go into the music business? 2,000 CDs per month x 12 months = 24,000 CDs. Since the operating breakeven point in number of CDs is 21,000, this means that Barry will sell 3,000 more CDs that will be a profit. Depending on Barry’s outcome of the music store, if he were to go into the music business and sell 2,000 CDs a month, he would make a profit. The profit would not be that much more above the operating breakeven point; however, it will still be a profit. I would take the chance and go into the music business. D) How much EBIT will Barry realize if he sells the minimum 2,000 CDs per month noted in part c? EBIT= Q x (P – VC) – FC EBIT= 24,000 x (13. 98 – 10. 48) – 73,500 EBIT= 24,000 x 3. 5 – 73,500 EBIT= 10,500 P12-11 a. $0. 38 b. $1. 28 c. $1. 94 Ebit| | | | $24,600| $30,600| $35,000| less interest| | | $9,600| $9,600| $9,600| Net profits before taxes| | $15,000| $21,000| $25,400| Les Taxes| | | | $6,000| $8,400| $10,160| Net profits after taxes| | $9,000| $12,600| $15,240| Less preferred stock dividends| $7,500| $7,500| $7,500| Earings available for common| | $1,500| $5,100| $7,740| Earings per share| | | $0. 8| $1. 28| $1. 94| | | | | a| b| c| P12-24. : Integrative–optimal capital structure Intermediate a. Debt Ratio| 0%| | 15%| | 30%| | 45%| | 60%| EBIT| $2,000,000| | $2,000,000| | $2,000,000| | $2,000,000| | $2,000,000| Less: Interest| 0| | 120,000| | 270,000| | 540,000| | 900,000| EBT| $2,000,000| | $1,880,000| | 1,730,000| | $1,460,000| | $1 ,100,000| ? Taxes @40%| 800,000| | 752,000| | 692,000| | 584,000| | 440,000| Net profit| $1,200,000| | $1,128,000| | $1,038,000| | $ 876,000| | $ 660,000| Less: Preferred dividends| 200,000| | 200,000| | 200,000| | 200,000| | 200,000| Profits available to ?common stock| $1,000,000| | $ 928,000| | $ 838,000| | $ 676,000| | $ 460,000| # shares outstanding| 200,000| | 170,000| | 140,000| | 110,000| | 80,000| EPS| $ 5. 00| | $ 5. 46| | $ 5. 99| | $ 6. 15| | $ 5. 75| b. Debt: 0%Debt: 15% Debt: 30%Debt: 45% Debt: 60% c. The optimal capital structure would be 30% debt and 70% equity because this is the debt/equity mix that maximizes the price of the common stock. Chapter 16 Problem 16. For each of the loan amounts, interest rates, annual payments, and loan terms shown in the following table, calculate the annual interest paid each year over the term of the loan, assuming that the payments are made at the end of each year. Loan| Amount| Rate| Annual Payment| Term (in years)| Interest Paid Y ear 1| Year 2| Year 3| Year 4| Year 5| Year 6| A| $14,000| 10%| $4,416| 4 | $1400| $1098. 40| $766. 64| $401. 70| | | B| 17,500| 12%| 10,355| 2| 2100| 1109. 40| | | | | C| 2,400| 13%| 1,017| 3| 312| 220. 35| 116. 79| | | | D| 49,000| 14%| 14,273| 5| 6860| 5822. 18| 4639. 06| 3290. 31| 1752. 3| | E| 26,500| 16%| 7191| 6| 4240| 3767. 84| 3220. 13| 2584. 80| 1847. 80| 992. 89| Problem 16. 5 Lease versus purchase Northwest Lumber Company needs to expand its facilities. To do so, the firm must acquire a machine costing $80,000. The machine can be leased or purchased. The firm is in the 40% tax bracket, and its after-tax cost of debt is 9%. The terms of the lease and purchase plans are as follows: Lease The leasing arrangement requires end-of-year payments of $19,800 over 5 years. All maintenance costs will be paid by the lessor; insurance and other costs will be borne by the lessee. The lessee will exercise its option to purchase the asset for $24,000 at termination of the lease. Purchase If the firm purchases the machine, its cost of $80,000 will be financed with a 5-year, 14% loan requiring equal end-of-year payments of $23,302. The machine will be depreciated under MACRS using a 5-year recovery period. (See Table 3. 2 on page 108 for the applicable depreciation percentages. ) The firm will pay $2,000 per year for a service contract that covers all maintenance costs; insurance and other costs will be borne by the firm. The firm plans to keep the equipment and use it beyond its 5-year recovery period. a. Determine the after-tax cash outflows of Northwest Lumber under each alternative. Year| Lease after-tax outflows| Purchase after-tax outflows| 1| $11,880| $13,622| 2| 11,880| 10,459. 71| 3| 11,880| 15,391. 10| 4| 11,880| 18,512. 89| 5| 35,880| 19,516. 93| b. Find the present value of each after-tax cash outflow stream, using the after-tax cost of debt. Year| PV of outflows (Lease)| PV of outflows (Purchase)| 1| $10,893. 96| $12,491. 37| 2| 10,002. 96| 8,807| 3| 9,171. 6| 11,881. 93| 4| 8,411. 04| 13,107. 13| 5| 23,322| 12,686. 00| Total| $61,801. 32| $58,973. 51| c. Which alternative—lease or purchase—would you recommend? Why? The alternative that I would recommend is the purchase option because it has the lower present value of after-tax cash outflows as well as the most desirable. It is the most desirable because by purchasing the machine would be a less costly alternative. Reference s Gitman, L. J. (2009). Principles of Managerial Finance (12th ed. ). Retrieved from https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/eReader. aspx.

Biblical Worldview Essay

Biblical worldview which can also be Christian worldview refers to the framework of ideas and beliefs through which a Christian individual, group or culture interprets the world and interacts with it. It is how one perceives the world through their Christian view. The world view impact the choices one may make throughout life and is based on our principles and ideas. Leadership for transformation: The impact of a Christian worldview states that â€Å"But worldviews are also ways of life, for beliefs direct us, values guide us, and principles motivate us to certain kinds of action and behavior.† There are many things in life that helps us shape our worldview in today’s society. Romans chapters 1-8 gives us vital information regarding identity, relationships, culture, and about the natural world. Natural world was created by God through his words. I believe and feel in my heart that God is the creator of heaven and earth and all things that exist. The article states that God is Creator, unseen but not without witness, beyond comprehension but not unknowable, powerful but not impersonal, and freedom granting but not controlling. In Romans 1:20 For the invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even his eternal power and Godhead; so that they are without excuse. God created day and night, he is responsible for the sun that shines in the day and the moon that is bight at night. He created men and women in the image of his likeness and with a purpose and plan. He created us so that we can form an intimate relationship with him. I also, believe that God created us in the natural world as sinners, and his son Jesus Christ was sent here to save us from our sins. Human Identity is based on our relationship that we form with God. Jeremiah 1:5 – Before I formed thee in the belly I knew thee; and before thou camest forth out of the womb I sanctified thee, and I ordained thee a prophet unto the nations. From the day that we were created it was for Gods purpose and plan for our lives. Once you accept Christ into your life you can then began to see your identity, it is based on our calling from the Lord. With Christ in your life you will see life in a whole different perspective. In Romans it talks about how our identity is rooted deeply in our commitment to God. For as many as are led by the Spirit of God, they are the sons of God† (Romans 8:14, KJV). So with that being said our identity is based on our relationship we have with God, not by our environment or surroundings. Romans teaches us  about how we should treat our human relationships. Sometimes human relationships are the most difficult and hardest to keep in order. In Romans the first chapter 29th verse. It explains how we are filled with unrighteousness, fornication, wickedness, covetousness, maliciousness; full of envy, murder, deceit, malignity; whispers. Romans shows us that we are all full of sin and we must turn to God and have a relationship with him, before we can have form human relationships. When you have a relationship with God you can learn how to treat others and respect others. Romans 12:10 Be kindly affectionate one to another with brotherly love; in honour preferring one another. When you help and be a blessing to others, God will bless you abundantly. When we are unfaithful to God we run the risk of affecting our human relationships. Being that we were created in God’s image it is only right that we love each other as God loves us. According to John Valk article all humans are to be treated with dignity and respect regardless of their situation or station in life. Romans also had messages containing culture in its scriptures. Romans 1:16 For I am not ashamed of the gospel, for it is the power of God for salvation to everyone who believes, to the Jew first and also to the Greek. God is not a God of color, or culture it is for anyone who believes in God and follow his commandments. D. Kim article states that we assume that morality is culturally relative, that ideas and beliefs emerge historically by cultural forces, and are not right or wrong in any final sense. Different cultures have different beliefs, but in Romans it speaks of only believing in the word of God. Romans tells us the God does not save according to cultures, he saves by people believing and having faith. So, now after the knowledge I received from reading Romans is that I have to trust and believe in God, no matter what culture I’m from. In conclusion after we have learned that Romans Is immense and detailed. It gives us information for our salvation. That nothing in our lives or without God or by accident. It teaches us that we must believe in God to know and understand or identity, to form our human relationships, and understand that culture does not exist when you believe in God. I am so glad that God saw fit to send his only begotten so that we can be saved from our sins. BIBLIOGRAPHY Kim, David. & McCalman, David. (2012). Journal of business ethics: The sacred/secular divide and the Christian worldview, Vol. 109 2: 203-208 Valk, J. (2010), Leadership for transformation: The impact of a Christian worldview. J Leadership Studies, 4: 83-86. doi: 10. 1002