How important was the role played by Edwin Chadwick in...

How important was the role played by Edwin Chadwick in improving public health services in the C19th? Edwin Chadwick was important in improving public health as his work illustrated the problems, such as pollution from factories and a lack of clean water, associated with the majority of towns in the Industrial revolution. However, his impact was not the only factor that had influence on public health; other individuals, the government and public attitudes were also significant in changing the public health services throughout the C19th. Chadwick’s first major impact was his 1842 ‘Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population’, in which he showed that the poor were living in dirty, overcrowded areas which caused a huge†¦show more content†¦Governments at that time were extremely careful to avoid any potential increase in taxes as it would result in them eventually losing votes and losing power. However, from 1867 onwards, working men gained the right to vote. This led to governments having to balance public health reforms with any tax increases, as now they had to appeal to both the wealthy and the not so wealthy. Through the 1870s and 1880s, more laws were passed to improve the conditions in towns, one of which was the 1875 Public Health Act. The Public Health Act of 1975 was much more effective than the one made in 1848. Unlike the previous Health Act, this one actually made it compulsory for towns to make some changes to conditions, instead of just making suggestions. Sewers and drains were improved, fresh water supplies were provided and Medical Officers and sanitary inspectors were appointed. The Act also saw that the standards of housing were improved, the pollution of rivers was stopped and factory working hours were shortened. All of these reforms were incredibly important as they led to a high standard of living in towns, and an overall healthier population. By 1900, people were generally living longer, healthier lives. Life expectancy had increased for both men and women, and towns were cleaner and safer. Although Chadwick was certainly important in initiating these changes, he was limited by the failure of the 1848 Health Act, his attitude

Apush Chapter Free Essays

Slaves gets accuse of stealing for possessing items that they earn Slaves gets whip as a punishment 7) Summary: In this passage written by Frederick Douglas who was an escaped slave that became known as the greatest Black abolitionist of the time for sharing his terrible experience as a slave in order to stop slavery, it discusses the cruel treatments that the slaves are expose to. For instance, if the slaves perform at a poor rate or produces insufficient work, their master would hit them with a whip as a symbol of punishment. Sometimes, the master doesn’t even need a reason to torment the slaves other than for his/ ere own satisfaction. We will write a custom essay sample on Apush Chapter or any similar topic only for you Order Now In addition, Douglas who was a slave for the majority of his life, claims that the laws created by the Southern states were unfair since it was design to give the master full control over the slaves which took away their freedom. Moreover, Douglas supported his idea by repeating the same phrase and adding the different things that were restricted against the slaves such as earning a proper education, receiving good food/clothes, and working hard to make money. Furthermore, Douglas asserts that the physical cruelties that are brought upon the slaves are sufficiently harassing and revolting since t inflicts on the mental, moral and religious nature of the helpless victims. All of these reasons explain why Douglas decided to risk his life in order to escape from his master to become a free and independent African American. 2) The â€Å"Blessings† of the Slave (1849) 3) Author: Solon Robinson 4) Author’s Position: Supports the African American community. Against masters who abuses their slaves. 5) Bias: Robinson was born in Connecticut but he soon moved to Indiana which to become a trader and agriculturist which changed his views on slaves to look at them more positively. 6) Arguments: It is hard to find anyone around the world who likes being poor and control by the upper classes Freeing the slaves can be consider as a punishment for the slaves since God has deprived them of it The slaves has worked hard to meet their master expectations Over-driving slaves is the poorest way to get work out of them Slaves can’t be force to do more than a certain amount of work The masters are only treating their slaves kindly because of self-interest The deep South is known for its cruelty towards the slaves The large plantations owners make the slaves perform tasks more regularly or bigger audiences 7) Summary: In this excerpt written by Solon Robinson who was a Puritan born and raised in Connecticut that switch from being a Yankee peddler to being a trader and agriculturist, discusses the benefits that some slaves has over the others as well as the poor conditions that they live in. First off, Solon admits that nobody in this society would ever Want to trade in their luxurious, relaxing and comfortable life in for a poor one fill with sufferings and tragedy. However, slaves also gets to enjoy some these factors such as the fine uniforms and full course meals that is given to them after a Eng and hard day at work. In addition, Solon supports his claims by explaining that he has witness very few plantations that abuse their slaves since it is looked down upon. Moreover, Solon describes how as the consumer market expands, the owners must force their slaves to work at a faster rate to reach the amount of products that gets demanded and the only effective way for them to do this is by using physical force. However, the owners obviously knows that the slaves too have limits which means that they can’t perform more than a certain amount of tasks given to them. Furthermore, Solon confess from experience that as times goes by, the masters are becoming more temperate and better men so they treat the slaves better, but mainly because of self-interest. Solon the ends on a determine note on how the inhumane people who abuses their slaves will eventually gets punish for their wrong actions. 2) Comparing Slave Labor and Wage Labor (1850) 3) Author: Cartoonist from Boston 4) Author’s Position: Supports Slavery 5) Bias: The British thinks that slavery in England was good. They wanted to prove that slavery conditions was different in various places 6) Arguments: Slaves in Southern America are very happy Slaves in England are peaceful The slaves are calm and collective 7) Summary: The picture illustrated in this cartoon that was published in Boston signifies the different slaves conditions in Southern America as compared to England. The author supports slavery so he/she drew the slaves looking very happy and even celebrating with music in the â€Å"Slavery as it exists in America† picture. Then in the â€Å"Slavery as it exists in England† image, it shows the slave and his owner talking to each other casually and other people being shock about it. How to cite Apush Chapter, Papers

Effect of Different Colour Filters on Leaves and Plant Growth Essay

Question: Write an essay on "The Effect of Different Colour Filters on Leaves and Plant Growth". Answer: Abstract Photosynthesis is the basis of life on earths surface and how different light colours influence it is a matter of importance. This experiment is concerned with the effects of different light on the rate of photosynthesis and its effect on leaf plant growth. Leaves of a healthy plant were exposed to different coloured light and kept for seven days. The result showed different effects of diverse light colours on the process of photosynthesis. After white light, blue and red lights are efficient for conducting adequate photosynthesis. Yellow and green lights are least suitable for this process. Review of literature Autotrophs such as green plants capture free energy from environment through photosynthesis and chemosynthesis. The process of photosynthesis occurs in a series of enzyme-mediated pathways that uses sunlight and carbon-di-oxide to produce glucose (Zelitch 2012). Photosynthesis can be represented as a chemical equation: 6CO2+ 6H2O ------ C6H12O6+ 6O2 Sunlight energy There are five main factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis: light intensity, the colour of light, temperature, carbon di-oxide level and water. In this experiment the effects of different colour wavelengths were investigated. In nature plants often face fluctuations of light intensity and spectral quality which is essential to drive the processes of photosynthesis. Plants have many adaptations to cope with these light fluctuations (Hart 2012). Photosynthesis takes place in two stages known as the light reaction and dark reaction. The light harvesting antenna complex of photosystem II (LHCII) accumulates the maximum light energy. These complexes were found to play a central regulatory role by remarkably leading the magnitude of energy delivered to the reaction centres (Gutu et al. 2013). As light energy/photons reaches chlorophyll molecules, the light harvesting complex absorbs that energy by exciting electrons. These electrons move along an electron transport chain, eventually transferring their energy form of ATP and NADPH. ATP and NADPH act as highly charged energy carriers ready to provide energy to continue photosynthesisin thedark reactions. By utilising the energy of the ATP and NADPH, as well as some other special moleculesincluding CO2and H2O, carbohydrate (glucose)is formed as the final product (Blankenship 2013). The rate of photosynthesis always occurs more efficiently under white light. Red and blue light also have good photosynthetic rate (Lin et al. 2013). The process of photosynthesis gradually drops under yellow and green light respectively. While certain wavelengths are absorbed by the plants others are reflected. The main photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b absorb all colours in visible light spectrum but green and thats why plants appear green. Sun gives off most of its energy as green wavelengths and it might seem inefficient that plants dont use the green spectrum. This is a protection strategy of plants. Chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and other pigments easily destroyed by excessive light energy. When these pigments break down, they stop absorbing light and also DNA become damaged. So plants have adapted these absorption spectrums to maintain their needs by using least abundant light waves. In general, light absorbed in the blue region is used for plant developme nt and light absorbed in the red and far red regions are used for flowering or orienting (Hart 2012). Other accessory pigments like carotenoids also absorb light. Red and blue have the greatest impact on plant growth. Greenlightis least effective. Absorption in the spectral region between 500 nm to 600 nm is very low because green light is reflected by the plants. Bluelightis primarily responsible for vegetative leafgrowth. Red light combined with bluelight encourages flowering (Hart 2012 and Abidi et al. 2013). This topic was a very interesting way to know the systems of photosynthesis and the effects of different colour wavelengths on photosynthesis and plant growth. Different colour lights have different effects on this anabolic process. Knowing the factors affecting the most important metabolic process on earth is a vital understanding because green plants are termed producers because they yield their own food viaphotosynthesis. Humans and animals are consumers and all the food they ingest originates directly or indirectly from these plants. Hypothesis As discussed in the review of literature, exposing a plant in white light will result in fastest rate photosynthesis, followed by blue or red. The change in leaf colour and leaf health after seven days under different lights will show the effects of different light. To measure the rate of photosynthesis, counting oxygen produced during the reaction is required by arranging special set-ups. Materials Healthy and living green plants Containers and fertile potting soil Colour (blue, red, yellow, green, black and transparent) sheets Scissor Tapes Ruler Camera Water Sufficient sunny area to keep the plants Method Plants were potted in containers filled with good quality soil. Then placed in an open space under adequate sunlight. The filters were prepared by cutting the coloured sheets. They were cut according to the leaf sizes. Leaves were then covered with different coloured filters. Each colour had five replicas. Filters were secured properly so they do not fall away. Transparent filters were used as control sets. The plants were rotated daily basis and water was given twice a day. These processes were continued for seven days. The plants were observed every day for maintaining the plants health. After seven days the filters were removed and results noted. Result The results were collected after seven days and tabulated below: Filer colour Rate of photosynthesis Blue Comparatively high Red Moderate Yellow Much less Green Lesser in amount Black No photosynthesis Transparent (control) Highest The leaf under blue filter after seven days. The leaf under red filter after seven days. The leaf under yellow filter after seven days. The leaf under green filter after seven days. The leaf under black filter after seven days. The leaf under transparent filter (control set) after seven days. A graph was assumed from the result for showing overall the effects of various light colours in photosynthesis: Discussion This experiment was performed to determine the effects of different colour wavelength on photosynthesis and plant growth. The results found in this experiment shows diverse effects of different wavelengths on photosynthesis. The best result as found in case of the control set prepared by transparent sheet. The control leaf was very bright green and healthy. A better result was observed in case of blue lights. The leaf was fairly green and healthy. A moderate result was occurred under red filters. The leaf appeared moderate green in colour. Very reduced result noted for both yellow and green setup. The leaf of yellow setup appeared pale green in colour. Leaf of the green setup became yellowish in colour after seven days. These pale colouration of the leaves indicates significant reduction of photosynthetic process. Almost no photosynthesis occurred under the black filters because of light deficiency. Leaf was shrivelled and brownish and broke when the filters were removed. As described in the review of literature the rate of photosynthesis is always take place more efficiently under white light. That is why the leaf of the control set was green and healthy. After white light, blue light has highest photosynthetic rate. The leaf under blue filter was in a better health and green condition. Red light is also a good element of photosynthesis and the leaf appeared moderately green after seven days under red filter. The rate of photosynthesis steadily drops under yellow and green light. The leaf of yellow setup appeared pale green in colour because photosynthesis was very less and some yellow light was absorbed by the xanthophyll pigments. The leaf under green filter was yellowish due to lack of chlorophyll a chlorophyll b and photosynthesis rate was almost null. The leaf under black set was on a verge of dying due to lack of sunlight and considerable inhibition of photosynthesis. The major photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b absorb all colours in visible light spectrum but green wavelength. Thus, greenlightis least effective. Other accessory pigments like carotenoids and xanthophyll absorb light waves of orange and yellow (Kastner et al. 2012). Thus, from this experiment and as stated by other authors it can be concluded that the rate of photosynthesis always takes place more efficiently under white light. If elements of white light is separated, blue and red lights are quite good for photosynthesis (Ruban 2014). Knowing these facts about light colours and their effects on photosynthesis can be useful in agriculture. The blue spectrum empowersphototropin and cryptochrome to facilitate many plant responses such as movement of the chloroplast, phototropic curvature, inhibition of growth elongation,stomatal opening and seedling growth regulation. The blue wavelengths boost vegetative growth through strong root growth and intense photosynthesis (Hart 2012). Thus, blue lights are often usedas a supplementarylight source for seedlings and undeveloped plants during their vegetative stage of the growthcycle. Blue lights provide a more tailored spectrum according to the plants being cultivated. (Lin et al. 2013 and Xu 2016). Red light affects photochromic reversibility and is the most vital event for photosynthesis, flowering and fruitingregulation. The red wavelength encourages the growth of stem, flowering and fruit and chlorophyll production. Tomato plants showed the most growth in the vegetative phase under red (670 nm) light.In the germination phase, irradiation of 680nm encouragedthe highest growth frequency (Suyanto et al. 2012 and Xu 2016). The blue and red lights are sometimes called the grow lights. Outdoor environments usually mimicked with various colours and spectral range from the grow light (Abidi et al. 2013). Depending on the type of crops being cultivated, the stage of cultivation (e.g. thegermination, vegetative phase, the flowering and fruiting phase), the requiredphotoperiod, definite arrays ofspectrum and time periodsare necessary for a particular plant. These light spectrums are used for horticulture,plant propagationandfoodproduction on an industrial level (Xu 2016). These lights are also important for photomorphogenesis (light-mediated development) where plant growth patterns respond to the light spectrum. The rate of photosynthesis is dependent upon photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) which defines the spectral range of radiation from 400 nm to 700 nmthat photosynthetic organisms are able to use during the course ofphotosynthesis (Lin et al. 2013).Agricultural plant product industries can increa se their productivity by manipulating PAR and combining essential light waves for better plant yield. References Abidi, F., Girault, T., Douillet, O., Guillemain, G., Sintes, G., Laffaire, M., Ahmed, H.B., Smiti, S., Huch-Thlier, L. and Leduc, N., 2013. Blue light effects on rose photosynthesis and photomorphogenesis.Plant Biology, 15(1), pp.67-74. Blankenship, R.E., 2013.Molecular mechanisms of photosynthesis. John Wiley Sons. Gutu, A., Nesbit, A.D., Alverson, A.J., Palmer, J.D. and Kehoe, D.M., 2013. Unique role for translation initiation factor 3 in the light color regulation of photosynthetic gene expression.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,110(40), pp.16253-16258. Hart, J.W., 2012.Light and plant growth(Vol. 1). Springer Science Business Media. Kastner, A., Jones, M., Mefford, A. and Richardson, T., 2014. Chlorophyll and Accessory Pigment Absorption of CO2 under Various Wavelengths of Light.Journal of Introductory Biology Investigations,1(3). Lin, K.H., Huang, M.Y., Huang, W.D., Hsu, M.H., Yang, Z.W. and Yang, C.M., 2013. The effects of red, blue, and white light-emitting diodes on the growth, development, and edible quality of hydroponically grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata).Scientia Horticulturae,150, pp.86-91. Ruban, A.V., 2014. Evolution under the sun: optimizing light harvesting in photosynthesis.Journal of experimental botany, p.eru400. Suyanto, H., Rupiasih, N.N. and Handayani, D., 2012. Influence of Light Wavelengths on Growth of Tomato.Bumi Lestari,12(2). Xu, Y., 2016, May. Seven dimensions of light in regulating plant growth. In VIII International Symposium on Light in Horticulture 1134(pp. 445-452). Zelitch, I. ed., 2012.Photosynthesis, photorespiration, and plant productivity. Elsevier.