Breaking Out free essay sample

My grandma used to state, Women are just a burden. Some may concur with this old Chinese saying, yet it basically mirrored the male centric society I experienced childhood in. Despite the fact that Taiwan is a created nation, its social ties are no place a long way from territory China. Experiencing childhood in a general public and a family loaded with seniors that indiscreetly underline the significance of children over little girls, I figured out how to improve for myself. Maybe I needed to demonstrate all the man centric society social orders in this world wrong, yet for the most part I needed my family to perceive the correspondence among me and my sibling. One of my first significant recollections was the point at which my mom was pregnant with my sibling. I inquired as to whether the family was in a similar felicity when my sister and I were conceived. She disclosed to me that individuals were glad that my sister was conceived on the grounds that she was the main kid, yet my introduction to the world was less celebrated in contrast with my more seasoned sisters birth. We will compose a custom article test on Breaking Out or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page I started to question my reality and the truthfulness of my familys love towards me. I was additionally placed into question when my mom went on and stated, When you were conceived, nobody dropped by; not so much as one soul. Your dad arrived behind schedule from work, and your grandma just made a call to request your sexual orientation. She murmured and stated, When your grandma discovered what you were, she hung up the telephone and never paid me and you one visit in the medical clinic. In spite of the fact that I realized that my folks cherished me in any case my sex, I felt continually shadowed by my more seasoned sister and frequently disregarded by my folks over my sibling. I was never as active as my sister before grown-ups, nor was I as fruitful as she was in grade school. In addition to the fact that she got As on tests and tests, she additionally played the piano splendidly; she even won different English discourse rivalries. While she prevailing in nearly everything, I battled to break out of her shadow. I said ‘yes’ to nearly everything my folks requested that I do. From getting the violin at four years old, participate in a discourse challenge ill-equipped, doing errands that I detested, watching b-ball games that I didnt comprehend, to at long last turning into the pleasant, submissive youngster that my folks needed me to be. For right around eleven years of my life, I never realized what I truly needed, what I could do, and who I truly was. Things took a progressive turn not long after I turned eleven. The second semester of fifth grade, our family moved back to Taiwan following one and a half year of business wandering in Canton, China. I entered another school, yet soon enough I was only one of the countenances in the group. I never observed my possibilities in anything until my educator requested that I enter a Chinese ad lib discourse rivalry of the City of Taichung in the rudimentary division. I, decisively, acknowledged her offer, since I became weary of seeing others come back with their honors and respects. The day of rivalry, I was given the point: What might you do in the event that you were a performer? I didnt plan anything out in my mind, not even the prior second I went on the stage. Shockingly, I won in front of the pack †I was at long last perceived for something. I ran out the study hall right when the excusal chime rung through the school. Before my dad welcomed me, I squeaked in energy, Dad! Father! Father! You would not accept this! I entered the opposition and estimate which place I won?, before he addressed me, I went on, First spot! Would you be able to trust it? Would you be able to accept your little girl won FIRST PLACE!? He grinned and stated, obviously I trust you won ahead of everyone else, truth be told, I realized you were going to win. Every one of my youngsters are brilliant. No, I am not astounded, however I am upbeat for you. On our way home, I was too bustling wearing a huge grin all over to have a discussion with my dad. Before we went into the house, I asked my dad once more, You truly realized I was going to win? He answered, Well I never thought you would get ahead of everyone else, except I realized that you can do anything you needed and be acceptable at it. Those words implied more than anything on earth to me. Just because, I felt fit for busy, and in particular, for myself and not for any other individual.

Administrative Theories of Management Essay Example for Free

Authoritative Theories of Management Essay Henri Fayol a French industrialist has composed a book title Administration Industrialle et Generalle in 1916 , as indicated by his book speculations about administration he thought could be applied to the administration of any association with regulatory obligations. Fayol recognized five capacity which is as yet utilized today to all administration exercises , they were arranging , sorting out , instructing , organizing and controlling . Fayol gives 14 standard of the executives : 1.Division of work According to Fayol , specialization expands yield by making representatives progressively proficient. The majority of the worker might have the option to manage every thing work that given to them if work is partitioned by their aptitude and specialized skill . See more: My Writing Process Essay 2.Authority Fayol characterized authority as the option to provide orders and the ability to correct acquiescence. That implies , administrators must have the option to provide request to the workers . Alongside it , the duty will goes on. 3.Discipline Discipline is a basic for the smooth running of business which is without it an endeavor or association can't succeed. A representatives must obey and regard the principles that are state by the association . 4.Unity of Command A worker ought to get orders from one unrivaled just . Fayol respected having double order is prompting vulnerability and delay with respect to subordinates and will make strife between supervisors. 5.Unity of course One head and one arrangement for a gathering having a similar goal. that mean the association ought to have a solitary strategy to control administrators and laborers . 6.Subordination of individual enthusiasm to the general enthusiasm There ought to be no irreconcilable situation between singular aspiration and the prosperity of the association all in all. This rule requires a firm yet reasonable hand from bosses who should set a genuine model. 7.Remuneration Workers must be paid a reasonable compensation for their administrations . Fayol searched for some essential standards in the technique for installment such is it will guarantee reasonable compensation , empower perception by remunerating very much guided exertion and not prompt over-installment going past sensible cutoff points. 8.Centralization Fayol thought about that as a component of centralization should consistently be available which is each subordinate are engaged with dynamic. 9.Scalar Chain It is otherwise called line of power . The solidarity of order can prompt unreasonably chains of power which ruin correspondence. Hierarchic associations routinely demanded that offices spoke with one another just through their heads. 10.Order For Fayol, individuals and materials ought to be in the correct spot at the perfect time . This surmised the goals of the two most troublesome administrative exercises: great association and great choice. He considered the to be issue as the adjusting of an associations prerequisites with its assets. 11.Equity Managers ought to be thoughtful and reasonable for their subordinate and rewarded them similarly so as to get responsibility from them . 12.Stability of residency of work force An administration ought to give precise faculty arranging and guarantee that substitutions are accessible to fill opportunities since representatives need a time of steadiness in an occupation to convey of their best. 13.Initiative Fayol alerts administrators against the individual vanity which keeps their representatives from permitting to thoroughly consider an issue and execute an answer remunerating experience which builds inspiration and significant levels of exertion. This implied , workers are permitted to start and complete their arrangements for the association. 14.Esprit de corps. Isolating adversary powers to debilitate them is cunning, however separating ones own group is a grave sin against the business. It is stating about advancing cooperation will assemble concordance and solidarity inside the association.

Why Should Companies Based in the United States Outsource Parts of Research Paper

For what reason Should Companies Based in the United States Outsource Parts of their Business to Off-Shore Locations - Research Paper Example The nation’s universal nearness has not just encouraged the way toward re-appropriating for the organizations in USA yet in addition made them effective in the worldwide market. There has been broad discussion on in the case of re-appropriating is alluring or not and whether individuals are influenced by it. There have been various perspectives on it from individuals. The venture investigates the focal points that the US firms appreciate through re-appropriating of exercises. The focal points would be talked about as far as the monetary advantages achieved in the organization over the long haul. Financial Benefits to the Company and the U.S. economy in the drawn out The US associations are for the most part observed to redistribute exercises to nations like India and China and have accomplished impressive achievement in underwriting in these business sectors. India is considered to have broad specialized skill, which is one of the components why the size of the redistributing area is enormous in the nation. This causes the US firms to abuse the center capabilities of the creating countries and use them in the company’s advantage. Notwithstanding this among the re-appropriated nations, India additionally has a huge pool of ability which has a solid order on the English language. This is went with a solid base of in fact talented skill (Whitfield and VanHorssen, 2008, p.2). Among the other key players in the field of redistributing is Brazil, which gives an exceptionally progressed innovative framework. Another choice before the US organizations is Russia which gives a colossal pool of work which is taught in the field of science. Their work is additionally known for their solid conveyance and procedure technique. The country is one of the most capable in the territory of innovative work. It has monstrous help of the administration to build up its product aptitudes and mastery (Whitfield and VanHorssen, 2008, p.2). Broad research was led which shows that both the industrialized and creating countries on the planet could harvest the increases from redistributing of administrations. This would basically mean productivity gains from the perspective of the mechanical countries by means of the chance of creating abilities and mastery in territories in which they have skills. As indicated by the report introduced by McKinsey Global Institute (2003), for each US $1, worth of re-appropriating, USA gains $1.12 and the redistributed nation gains $0.33 around. This reality shows the level of increases that associations can appreciate through the way toward redistributing. Most global organizations have begun redistributing their administration exercises all the time. This is done dependent on the ground that on the off chance that they don't redistribute their administrations while their rivals kept on doing as such, they would lose the nearby and worldwide markets to their remote adversaries. This is on the grounds that it is felt that on the off chance that they don’t redistribute while their rivals keep on doing so forcefully, they would lose on the nearby and worldwide market to the outside opponents. This would probably bring about low and stale benefits which would bring about low formation of speculation and capital in advancements. The benefit of sparing expenses from redistributing represents the most significant worth hotspot for the associations in US (Rajan and Srivastava, 2007, p.40). Worldwide re-appropriating is especially powerful in achieving favorable circumstances for creating countries of the world. There has been opening up of new work openings, fares and development of various of tradable administrations exercises. Taking a gander at a progressively unique picture, increment in the degree of pay by profession would all the while realize formation of ideal criticism impacts from the other

Validity and Reliability of peer review

Legitimacy alludes to an investigation that is exact and surveys given zones of study that the analyst ought to comprehend. Legitimacy might be inner or outside. This relies upon the part of the examination that the analyst needs to measure.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Validity and Reliability of friend survey explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Internal legitimacy is the structure of leading exploration and how the dynamic procedure is embraced to get the best outcomes. Outer legitimacy clarifies the profundity of study and the degree of speculation and examination with look into considers that changed creators lead. Unwavering quality alludes to the degree to which a given research venture can give predictable outcomes and result. This is accomplished when a few analyses are finished utilizing a similar system. For this situation, the analyses are finished utilizing a similar research devices and systems regardless of whether directed by v arious analysts. Be that as it may, the result ought to be comparable. Solid information from an examination study ought to be applicable to the issues that the specialist ought to comprehend to help in the dynamic procedure (Lippincott Williams Wilkins, 2007). Legitimacy quantifies how an instrument can quantify a given trademark in an examination field precisely. In such manner, comparable outcomes are normal when utilizing a typical strategy. At the point when the examination is done, and the outcomes are looked at, they ought to demonstrate a similar result. For an examination to be substantial, the outcomes ought to be confirmed by a friend in a similar convention of study. A companion is an individual who has the equivalent legitimate status as far as training or even age. A companion can likewise be an individual who imparts capabilities or capacities to another specialist. Along these lines, in a wellbeing and medication field, it is significant for analysts to embrace peer audit of a given report. Companion survey is significant in light of the fact that it assists with checking the legitimacy of any outcomes got from an exploration study. In the field of medication, the specialist ought to counsel generally with companions to discover answers for medical problems that influence individuals. Friend survey help to contrast the best methodology with a given infirmity and in this manner better medications are given to individuals (Gerrish Lacey, 2010). Then again, unwavering quality can be upgraded by leading companion survey among various individuals in a similar field of study to locate the best outcome and result that can be depended upon by all. Having peer audit helps in deciding the consistency of results in the zone of study.Advertising Looking for article on wellbeing medication? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Two wellbeing official scientists can audit one another’s take a shot at an offered theme to clarify the point. This assists with killing any blunders that may have happened during the underlying phases of research. Friend survey helps in contrasting the examination of every wellbeing official and to check the consistency of the information utilized in the exploration. Test and retesting should be possible on the information to draw out the consistency in results while following the necessary methodology. The survey should be possible by a council to learn consistency of the information since human choices are delegated solid if various individuals reach a similar resolution and results. Friend audits that are finished by boards of trustees ought to be regulated in order to accomplish the destinations of the examination. In this manner, the council ought to approach data from different experts in a similar field of study who can check for consistency of the data. Subsequently, for a given wellbeing and clinical data to be viewed as substantial and dep endable, it ought to have experienced a friend audit. For this situation, it is vital to guarantee the data given by the scientist on the point (Lippincott Williams Wilkins, 2007). References Gerrish, K. Lacey, A. (2010). The exploration procedure in nursing. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K: Wiley-Blackwell. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. (2007). Best practices: Evidence-based nursing techniques. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. This article on Validity and Reliability of companion audit was composed and put together by client Macey Z. to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; nonetheless, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

Denied Applicants - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Denied Applicants - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Denied Applicants For those of you who have been denied by UGA, here is a post for you and a chance to comment. Unfortunately, we were not able to admit a number of strong applicants, as we are limited in the size of our freshman class. We know that you have a number of other strong college options, and I suggest you focus not on a denial from UGA, but on the other great opportunities that are ahead. As well, if your ultimate goal is to graduate from Georgia, then I would suggest you look at transfer opportunities down the road. But for now, focus on your current college options, find the one that fits you best, and have a great freshman year there. I would also suggest you go to our Denied Student FAQ if you have questions.

Share Jesus Without Fear - Free Essay Example

Introduction The author of this document will offer an analysis of this book that consist of; an abstract, a concrete response, or an interpretation of a significant event in her life, a reflection on the book, and finally actions that the writer will make in her life and ministry as a result of studying this book. Abstract The authors of this book, William Fay and Linda Evans Shepherd, offer a simple and short and sweet way to Share Jesus Without Fear. This book gives the reader a precise way that they may share Jesus with others without fear. They give easy to follow step by step instructions or guidelines one can use to share Jesus with someone. In chapter one is the key chapter of the book. William Fay discusses his encounters with Christians who attempted to share Jesus with him in the past. Fay explained that even though, the speech did not cause his conversion, the presenter did not fail the reason he did not fail was because the responsibility for the conversion is the responsibility of the Holy Ghost.[1] When a person feels they have failed in converting a person, and then discovers that it is the responsibility of the Holy Ghost causes the Christian to exhale in relief. The authors[2] discuss that if we do not share Jesus with others is the sin of silence; silence is an act of disobedience to a direct command from the Lord. When a person chooses obedience of telling someone about Jesus, they will feel an irreplaceable kind of joy in an ever-expanding bond with Jesus.[3] The authors convey to the reader five Share Jesus questions.[4] The Christian/believer should never ever argue with the responses the non-believer. They should only say hmm, because it is hard to argue with someone if all they do is hmm.[5] In addition, when one answers with a hum, it will lead the non-believer in reading the scripture to discover the truth for themselves. The scripted speech of revealing the scripture is easy and clear-cut. Readers are urged to create a list of non-believers who they have a relationship with.[6] This list gives them a jumping off point to share Jesus to others. Concrete Response As I read this book, I remembered one time back in high school when I had a discussion with two of friends in the morning before classes begun that day. Ruth was a Mormon, Rick was Jehovah Witness, and I was a Baptist. We got into a major argument. All of us had different views of Jesus and the scriptures. We all agreed that the Bible was the Holy words of God. However, we each interrupted them differently. If I had read this book and learned the Share Jesus questions[7] and the seven scriptures[8] that the authors suggest using to share Jesus with someone, I do not think there would have been any arguments because I would have just said hmm, and read it again out loud, if there was a wrong answer. I am feeling a little more confident about sharing Jesus since I cannot fail because it is the responsibility of the Holy Ghost to convert someone. Reflection Even though Share Jesus Without Fear is an evangelistic book that contributes to the spreading of the gospel, it comes across aggressive to some degree. For example, the statement on page six it states, The wound that killed him was silence.[9] God sent his son to die on the cross for our sins. Jesus is Gods only Son, he had to power die whenever he felt it necessary. Like it says in the Bible, When Jesus therefore had received the vinegar, he said, It is finished: and he bowed his head, and gave up the ghost (John 19:30, KJV). He could have stretched out his death forever, He could have died the moment he was put on the cross, but He died when it was time to die. He did not need anyone to speak up for Him. Yes, if we had followed his commandments at the very beginning or at any time before God sent His Son to die, there would have been no need for Him to send His Son. Action Action Step One: By the end of this class, EVAN 525, I will meet at least two unbelievers who live in my community utilizing Share Jesus Without Fear process. I will also invite them to my church that I currently attend. I will allow God to work through me to direct me to these individuals. One of the main areas of this step that will require some work on my part, is going out of my home to meet these individuals. I am a stay at home wife and know very few people in this town that I have lived in for the past eleven years. I will start attending our churchs nursing home visitation that we do every fourth Saturday of the month. I am in hopes of meeting an unbeliever, whether it be a resident of the nursing home or one of the workers and share Jesus with them using this process. I will also start volunteering at our local hospital two days a week. I am also in hopes of meeting a fellow volunteer or an employee at the hospital and becoming friends with them to the place that I can share Jesus with them during one of our breaks. It is my hopes that if I utilize this process that the authors lay out in their book, that I will be able to share Jesus with someone and not be worried whether I succeed or not. Action step two: I will give away two New Testament Bibles to two unbelievers. This one may cost me financially, but I know that God will bless me. The reason I want to give away these bibles is that I know personally that there are still several people in the United States of America. Our daughter that we adopted a few years ago, never owned a Bible of any type. If these unbelievers do not have Gods word in their hands, how do expect them to be a true follower of Jesus. Even though I accepted Christ at a young age, it was not until I cracked open my Bible and started reading it, that I finally started truly learning about God. Someone cannot learn about Him, if they do not pray, worship, and read His word. People learn three different ways. They learn by hearing, doing and reading His word. The more a person does this the more they will learn and the more they will want to know about Jesus. At least that is how it is for me. Action step three: I will find three people online to share Jesus with using the share Jesus process. I will utilize the social networks that I belong to, Facebook, Twitter, and Google Plus. I will first try to chat with someone I do not know and then having the Lord guide me, share my testimony with them. I know this may be a little bit scary since I have only shared my story at my church and here in class. However, I know that God will let me know when a good time is to share it and He will also give me the strength to overcome any criticisms that I may come across. On Facebook, I plan on using messenger to do this. That way it is more of a one on one sharing time. I have around two hundred and seven friends. All these people I know, maybe not personally, but they are friends of friends, live in the same town I do or use to, or went to the same school I did. On twitter will be a little different. First, even though I am a member of it, I do not know how to communicate with anyone. So, my first goal with Twitter is to learn how to communicate and how to respond. The people I follow on twitter are either stars of my favorite show or someone who has similar interests as mine. Once I learn how to communicate, I plan on sharing a small version of my testimony and through God, I have faith that someone will reply wanting to know more. Then I will share more with them. I am still not sure how to do this on a one to one basis, but I will learn. Finally, on Google plus, I again am not sure how to communicate within this network. However, with some time and guidance from God, I plan on sharing my testimony and again if anyone responds and would like to know more about Jesus, then I will go into more detail about who Jesus is and how they can be saved through the love of Jesus. Bibliography Fay, William, and Linda Evans Shepherd.Sharing Jesus Without Fear.Nashville: B H Publishing, 1999. William Fay and Linda Evans Shepherd, Sharing Jesus Without Fear, Nashville: B H Publishing, 1999, 3. Note: Unless stated otherwise William Fay and Linda Evans Shepherd will be referred to as the authors. Ibid, 30. William Fay and Linda Evans Shepherd, Sharing Jesus, 30. Ibid, 33. Ibid, 138. Ibid, 33. Ibid, 44. William Fay and Linda Evans Shepherd, Sharing Jesus, 6.

Martins Argument On Homosexuality - 1526 Words

In recent years, Dale Martin has pioneered the idea that Paul did not, in fact, condemn the practice of homosexuality. Martin argues that Paul was too defamiliarized with the notion of â€Å"homosexuality† to pass a judgement on it. Thus, the apostle was neither supporting it, condemning it, or even taking a neutral stance on it. Paul was, according to Martin, completely oblivious to the concept. While Martin’s case is admittedly compelling, I would assert two major flaws in his argument. Traditionally, the first chapter of Paul’s letter to the Romans has been used as evidence for New Testament condemnation of homosexuality. Scholars who argue against homosexual condemnation must interpret men who â€Å"gave up natural relations with women and were consumed with passion for one another† as being something other than homosexual. Most commonly, such a scholar claims that Paul was speaking specifically on the issue of pederasty, not globally on the issue of h omosexuality. This claim falls short when one comes to appreciate how well understood pederasty was in antiquity. Unlike homosexuality, pederasty was well defined in Greek thought as a relationship between an adult male (the erastes) and a younger male (the eromenos). If Paul were really condemning only pederasty, he certainly would have employed erastes/eromenos rhetoric in doing so. The second flaw in Martin’s claim about Paul is that Martin neglects to acknowledge Paul’s Greek/Jewish duality. Martin, who specializes in the socialShow MoreRelatedEssay about Should Same-Sex Marriage Be Legalized? 1555 Words   |  7 Pagesmarriage will, too, be validated by the courts because â€Å"the world only spins forward† (258). Even though Barber and Quindlen stand on opposite sides of the debate with views clashing on fundamental concepts like the meaning of marriage, the nature of homosexuality, and the applicability of the Loving v. 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Megan Grogan. Mrs. Arnold. English 1301.78. 17 April 2017.

Megan Grogan Mrs. Arnold English 1301.78 17 April 2017 To Save Another Sacrifice is something everyone has experienced in one way or another. For some, it has been as simple as giving someone their last piece of gum, but for others, it has been so much more. In John Steinbeck’s the Grapes of Wrath by Frank Galati, both Rose of Sharon and Jim Casy make major sacrifices. At the beginning of the play, Rose of Sharon starts out very childlike and self-concerned. Through events such as being abandoned by her husband and losing her baby, she grows into a more generous, mature, and self-sacrificing person. When Jim Casy is first introduced, he reveals that he is an ex-priest, who used to behave inappropriately with the ladies and has left†¦show more content†¦In contrast, Jim Casy’s sacrifice is of a different nature than the one previously discussed. This difference can be seen at the strike camp outside of Hooper Ranch. Men with clubs storm the camp, with the main focus of finding Casy. After he has been pointed out, th e men go after him; â€Å"The first man swings with the pick handle. Casy dodges down into the swing. The / heavy club crushes into the side of his head with a dull crunch of / bone and Casy falls sideways out of the light,† (Galati II). As a result of this attack, Casy dies. He sacrifices his life. While, as previously stated, this sacrifice may appear to differ greatly due to this distinction, the reality is that this is one of the only noteworthy differences in comparison to a plurality of similarities between Rose of Sharon and Jim Casy when it comes to sacrifice. However, in order to fully understand the similarities between the sacrifices of Rose of Sharon and Jim Casy, it is imperative that one understands and has a reliable knowledge of the play’s historical context. According to Unemployment During the Great Depression by John A. Garraty: â€Å"The Great Depression of the 1930s swept across most of the world like a blight or plague, swiftly and without warnin g. It produced much misery and suffering everywhere,† (133). This comparison offers an insight into the hardship produced by this time period and gives a representation of the

Yamashitas Tropic of Orange Essay - 2444 Words

Yamashitas Tropic of Orange This paper studies Yamashita’s Tropic of Orange as a magical realist text and examines the implications for such a style on the notion of the urban. Specifically, I will explore how Yamashita uses magical realism to collapse boundaries and socially transform Los Angeles into an embattled utopia for the disenfranchised. First, however, magical realism is a loaded term and some definitions are in order. In addition to important recent innovations in the form and its purposes, magical realism is in dialogue with a longer history of writing, including the epic, chivalric traditions, Greek pastoral, medieval dream visions, romantic traditions and Gothic fictions, all of which contribute a fantastic strain to†¦show more content†¦Magical realism also functions ideologically but†¦less hegemonically, for its program is not centralizing but eccentric: it creates space for interactions of diversity. In magical realist texts, ontological disruption serves the purpose of pol itical and cultural disruption: magic is often given as a cultural corrective, requiring readers to scrutinize accepted realistic conventions of causality, materiality, motivation. (3) This definition highlights the two dominant markers of the form: the use of fantasy and the counter-hegemonic disruption of cultural and social realities. Fantasy can imagine justice into the reality of an unjust world, which is why it has been so useful in postcolonial contexts and has interesting possibilities for metropolitan life. Yamashita’s novel fits squarely in this tradition, and I suggest she leverages the form to imaginatively transform Los Angeles from a plethora of racially, socially and economically distinct and, at times, antagonistic neighborhoods connected yet separated by freeways and bound within the borders of the U.S., to an embattled yet impossibly and transnationally interconnected utopian urbanity located literally on the freeway. Conventions of causality and materiality are regularly violated as the city physically and socially changes shape, congregating and collapsing distinct worlds, nations and cultures into one metropolis. Under the spell of magic al realism, Yamashita’s Los Angeles becomes aShow MoreRelatedKaren Tei Yamashitas Tropic of Orange Essay example2237 Words   |  9 Pagesdiscuss how all things came together in Larry’s life just as the critters all came together in the home in Mexico in the book â€Å"Tropic of Orange.† Many people made their way to the plot, just as many people were placed in Larry’s life, and this has played a major part in my life as well. The second section will be titled â€Å"Orange†. The orange in the book â€Å"Tropic of Orange† symbolized magic and dreams, so in this section of my paper I will discuss the great benefits of Larry’s decision to serve in VietnamRead MoreThe Tropic Of Orange By Karen Tei Yamashita1530 Words   |  7 PagesRunning Through the Six: Multiculturalism + Diversity in The Tropic of Orange Without a doubt, the cast assembled in Karen Tei Yamashita’s novel The Tropic of Orange is one of the most diverse in any novel I have ever read for a class. Unlike the typical fair of the â€Å"mostly white with a couple brown people sprinkled in† casts I normally see, Yamashita really takes it to the next level incorporating characters from almost all walks of life and several that boast many different nationalities. ItRead MoreEssay on The City of Los Angeles1470 Words   |  6 Pagespopulation of nine million reside in the city (US Census Bureau). Immigrants from all over the world move to Los Angeles because of the wide opportunities the city provides through the numerous schools and various employment occupations. In the novel Tropic of Orange by Karen Tei Yamashita we are introduce to Bobby Ngu’s and his story which subsidizes the reason to immigrate. Ngu from Singapore experienced some tough times back home with his family and his father tells him, â₠¬Å"you gotta have a future? BetterRead MoreIssues in Philippine Cinema5002 Words   |  21 Pagescourse of the battle Filipinos were forced to retreat and the Americans dominate the frame while Filipinos simultaneously exited the screen space. The setting was not in the Philippines at all as it was done in West Orange County in New Jersey with thick flora to represent the tropics of the Philippines. Filipinos were never casted in the film, instead Afro-Americans took the place of the Filipino revolutionaries, presuming that the Filipinos, whom they are subjugating, must look like the Afro-Americans

Roosevelt and Isolationism - 5742 Words

From Isolationism to War Patrick Williams Dr. B.G. McDonald HIE 366 15 April 2011 On 7 December 1941, shortly after seven in the morning, Japanese airmen, amidst the cries of Banzai, commenced the bombing of Pearl Harbour, leaving them to wonder if the Americans had ever heard of the 1904 surprise attack on the Russian Naval base at Port Arthur. In less than twenty-four hours after the Japanese aggression, United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt would address the congress: Yesterday, December 7, 1941 - a date which will live in infamy - the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.... I ask that the Congress†¦show more content†¦Hull based his assumptions on the fact that if countries could trade freely their economies would become interdependent that they could not risk going to war.[17] While his immediate hopes were dashed as a result of FDRs bombshell telegram at the 1933 London Conference, Hull was able to extract from the Congress Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act in 1934.[18] Hulls multilateral plans were tempered by the FDR administrationss preference towards a bilateral agreements and nationalistic policies. It is not surprising that FDRs policy reflected a tendency towards nationalist posture. Considering the recent past, historical precedence, public opinion and an influential isolationist senate governmental policies reflected the rejection of Wilsons ideali sm. The factors contributing to American isolationism are varied and at times controversial. Consider political scientist Samuel Lubells thesis that ethnic minorities were the impetus for interwar isolationism.[19] Lubell argues that Americans of German, Irish, Scandinavian, and Italian origin, for a variety of reasons, felt embittered over the outcome of World War I, and reacted strongly against Democratic attempts to an international approach to world affairs (which would be decidedly pro-British and anti-German, anti-Italian).[20] However, it is commonly asserted that: ...most historians have found itShow MoreRelatedThe Roosevelt Administration : Prioritizing Domestic Over Foreign Policy1441 Words   |  6 PagesThe Franklin D. Roosevelt Administration: Prioritizing Domestic over Foreign Policy Juna Kalo Charles Kraus HIST 2340W November 5, 2014 Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the 32nd President of the United States, was elected into office in 1932, a time of economic recession as a result of the New York stock market crash of 1929. 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The Principle of Beneficence vs Patient Autonomy and Rights Free Essays

Citing medico-ethical texts and journals and selected real-life applications like electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and the advanced medical directive (AMD), the essay argues that medical paternalism cannot serve the patient best insofar as current debates limit themselves to â€Å"who† wields the decision-making power. Such debates side-step â€Å"what† the patient’s best interests are. The essay further argues through the case of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), and acupuncture in particular, that the current dominant Western school of thought excludes other forms of â€Å"alternative† treatment through medical paternalism. We will write a custom essay sample on The Principle of Beneficence vs Patient Autonomy and Rights or any similar topic only for you Order Now Singapore Med J 2002 Vol 43(3):148-151 N H S S Tan Second-year mass communication student at Ngee Ann Polytechnic Correspondence to: Noel Hidalgo Tan Suwi Siang Email: noelbynature@ pacific. net. sg Although probably not written by Hippocrates (c. 460 – c. 477 BC) himself, the Hippocratic Oath is one of the oldest, most binding code of conduct today. The oath expresses the aspirations of the physician, and sets the ethical precedent by spelling out the physician’s responsibilities to the patient and the medical profession.Today, the Hippocratic Oath has been adopted and adapted world-wide; all physicians take the oath in some form or another. In Singapore, the doctor who undertakes the Singapore Medical Council’s Physician’s Pledge promises to â€Å"make the health of my patient my first consideration† and â€Å"maintain due respect for human life† (pars. 4, 9). The primary concept behind the oath is the principle of beneficence, which is operationalised in the original oath as the resolve to serve â€Å"for the benefit of the sick according to (the physician’s) ability and judgement† (cited in Mappes DeGrazia, 1996; p. 59).The principle of beneficence, indeed the over-emphasis of it, also led to medical paternalism or the physician’s prerogative to act on his or her best judgement for the patient. R S Downie observed, â€Å"The pathology of beneficence is paternalism, or the tendency to decide for individuals what they ought to decide form themselves† (cited in 1996; p. 5). More often than not, medical paternalism tends to focus more on the patient’s care and outcomes rather than the patient’s needs and rights. In recent years, medical paternalism has come under fire through the concept of patient autonomy, or the patient’s right to choose and refuse treatment.While the debate between autonomy and paternalism still remains unresolved, paternalists argue that â€Å"maximum patient benefit† can be achieved only when the doctor makes the final medical decision (Weiss, 1985; p. 184). The pro-autonomy stance maintains that â€Å"benevolent paternalism is considered inappropriate in a modern world where the standard for the client-professional relationship is more like a meeting between equals than like a father-child relationship† (Tuckett, Boulton, Olson Williams, cited in Nessa Malterud, 1998; p. 394).This essay argues that medical paternalism cannot serve the patient best insofar as current debates sidestep the princi ple of beneficence in favour of decision-making power and medical paternalism under the current dominant Western school of thought excludes other forms of treatment. Current debate surrounding paternalism has always been centred on the issues of autonomy and paternalism and reduced further into a power struggle between the doctor and patient. This polarisation of the decision-making power has distracted the medico-philosophical debate.Today’s traditional medical values like â€Å"pain is bad† and longer life is more desirable than a shorter one† are increasingly challenged. Still, do patient and physician both share common understanding of what is best for the patient? Paternalists would claim that physicians have a â€Å"medical tradition to serve the patient’s well-being†, with the prerogative to preserve life and thus have the patient’s best interests at heart (Mappes and DeGrazia, 1996; p. 52). Singapore Med J 2002 Vol 43(3) : 149Far from paternalism understood as a dogmatic decision made by the physician, James Childress in his book â€Å"Who Shall Decide? † further expounds paternalism into m ulti-faceted dimensions. Pure paternalism intervenes on account of the welfare of a person, while impure paternalism intervenes because more than one person’s welfare is at stake. Restricted paternalism curbs a patient’s inherent tendencies and extended paternalism encompasses minimising risk in situations through restrictions.Positive paternalism promotes the patient’s good and negative paternalism seeks to prevent an existing harm. Soft paternalism appeals to the patient’s values and hard paternalism applies another’s value over the patient. Direct paternalism benefits the person who has been restricted and indirect paternalism benefits a person other than the one restricted. Whatever the case may be, the guiding principle of modern paternalism,† says Gary Weiss, â€Å"remains that the physician decides what is best for the patient and tries to follow that course of action† (1985; p. 84). That the physician determines ‘what is best’ is questionable. The medical profession’s back-to-basics Hippocratic prerogative is prone to strong medical paternalism, implying that the patient does not want or know his or her own personal good and conversely implying that the patient is to be given no choice other than the physician’s. Consequently, there is immense potential for abuse by giving the physician the final say. Actively, a paternalist physician may declare a person mentally unsound – and thus incompetent – because the patient refuses treatment.Passively, the physician can confound informed consent and obfuscate treatment alternatives. In some cases information can be misrepresented entirely, as John Breeding (2000) argues in his report on electroshock, or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). He states that patients who sign up for ECT have no real choice â€Å"because electroshock psychiatrists deny or minimise its harmful effects† (p. 65). Breeding reports a â€Å"lack of efficacy† in the ECT procedure with â€Å"no lasting beneficial effects of ECT† and the â€Å"(physical) and mental debilitation†¦ for people who undergo this procedure†.There are, however, some justifications for paternalistic intervention, which generally entails situations where intervention outweighs the harm from non-intervention. The weak paternalistic approach is especially warranted to prevent a person from posing a danger to oneself, or when the patient in question is a minor or suffers from impaired judgement due to illness. For example, in Dr Y M Lai and Dr S M Ko’s paper on the assessment of suicide risk, a paternalistic stand is seen where â€Å"accurate diagnosis and careful management of the acute psychiatric illness could significantly alter the suicide risk† (1999). Still, physicians might know for themselves what is best for the situation as they perceive it, but that knowledge does not necessarily translate to what may be best for the patient. Ruddick adds, â€Å"(Current) hospital specialists, it is said, rarely know their patient (or themselves) well enough to make this assumption without serious risk of ignorant arrogance† (1998; par. 5). Therefore while much debate has gone on about medical paternalism and patient autonomy, the definition on what serves the patient best remains unanswered, but the notion of medical paternalism continue to be redefined.On the other side of the argument, proponents of patient autonomy hold that the final say lies with the patient. â€Å"It is the patient’s life or health which is at stake, not the physician’s.. . so it must be the patient, not the physician, who must be allowed to decide whether the game is worth the candle† (Matthews, 1986; p. 134). The notion of patient autonomy largely derives from philosophies of Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill, who, through different postulations, arrived at the same conclusion – that freedom of choice is paramount.Autonomy â€Å"asserts a right to noninterference and a correlative obligation not to restrain choice† (Pollard, 1993, p. 797). Retroactively, the emergence of the idea of patient autonomy has slowly eroded the normative model of medical paternalism. Dr K O Lee and Dr T C Quah (1997) observe â€Å"(the) commercialisation and cost of medicine, the loss of absolutes in morality, indeed the dominance of pluralism such that ethical issues are discussed without firm foundations, these have all led to fewer patients (or their relatives) saying ‘Doctor, you do what you think is best – Sir’. (par. 3). Unlike the paternalist view that deems illness as an impediment to autonomy, the patient autonomy model, as Cassel asserts, sees the patient â€Å"simply as a well person with a disease, rather than as qualitatively different, not only physically but also socially, emotionally and even cognitively† (1978, p. 1675). Thus, proponents of patient autonomy rationalise, â€Å"Who better to determine what’s best for the patient than the patient themselves? † This shift in thinking has increasingly made patient autonomy the desirable standard for medical relationships.The advance medical directive (AMD), l egislated in 1991 in America and 1996 in Singapore, reflects such a shift, albeit legal, towards providing power to patient choice. The AMD is a document 150 : 2002 Vol 43(3) Singapore Med J that â€Å"is basically designed to provide autonomy to patients to determine in advance their wish to die naturally and with dignity when death is imminent and when they lose their capacity to decide or communicate† (Agasthian, 1997; par. 1). There is, however, little consensus as to what autonomy entails.According to Thomas Shannon, autonomy has two elements: â€Å"First, there is the capacity to deliberate about a plan of action. One must be capable of examining alternatives and distinguishing between them. Second, one must have the capacity to put one’s plan into action. Autonomy includes the ability to actualise or carry out what one has decided† (1997; p. 24). Nessa and Maltrud (1998) say â€Å"[within] the biomedical tradition, patient autonomy implies a right to set limits for medical intervention† (p. 397).Pollard (1993) understands autonomy as â€Å"a person’s cognitive, psychological and emotional abilities to make rational decisions† (p. 797). With each definition, the interwoven faculties of personal liberty, voluntariness, being informed, and competence to engage in a plan of action appear. Philosophically, these faculties are subject, and subject autonomy, to varying degrees. This subjectivity begs the question, â€Å"What construes as a mentally competent patient? † How much would an illness impede a patient’s autonomy? How much autonomy does a person have with respect to his or her obligations to the community?Can a person ever have true and full access to information in order to make an informed decision? Criticism towards advocates of patient autonomy also point out that patients sometimes â€Å"choose immediate gratification over long-term benefits† (Weiss, 1985; p. 186). An exercise of autonomy may fulfil the patient’s expressed desire but not necessarily translate to serving the patient best, if at all. Even with the patient autonomy model, then, the question as to what serves the patient best goes unanswered and gives way to what the patient wants.To the extent that medical paternalism is discussed in relation with patient autonomy, current debates talk only about ‘who’ should determine the best interests of the patient but not ‘what’ the best interests of the patient should be. Thus, the principle of beneficence cannot be attained in both the minds of the physician or the patient. Where current debate about paternalism sidesteps beneficence as the motivation for paternalism, medical paternalism itself sidesteps questions of its own validity through the established dominant Western thinking. Eric Matthews argues that â€Å"paternalism rests on the claim that the goods which medicine pursues are determined by the medical profession rather than the patients who make uses of their service† (p. 135). In this argument, medical paternalism also determines the very medicine the medical profession uses and leaves the patient with little or no choice for ‘alternatives’. â€Å"Whether they agreed or not, physicians needed to become more knowledgeable about alternative regimes†, reports Eugene Taylor on the use of alternative therapies (2000; p. 33).Only in recent times, with the proliferation of information spurred by the advent of the Internet age has given an indication about how little the dominant Western medical school of thought knows about other existing and so-called ‘alternative’ healing therapies and are beginning to react. In America, the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicines’ (NCCAM) budget â€Å"exp loded from $2 million in 1993 to $50 million in 1999† (Waltman, 2000; p. 39). Singapore is now looking into developing traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) â€Å"research and education to the tune of US$100 million† (Kao, 2001; p. ). Going with this positive trend, Dr. P H Feng (2000) surmised that someday patients will have â€Å"unlimited access to medical information† (p. 524). Despite the growing acceptance of alternative medical therapies, the Western medical profession also exacts paternalistic standards on alternative medicines. Take the example of TCM, of which studies in China have revived over the past few decades. A Singaporean report on TCM in 1995 reviewed â€Å"the standards of training and practice of TCM in Singapore†¦ to ensure a higher quality of TCM practice†¦ and) to safeguard patient interest and safety† (Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1995; par. 2, 3). Yet to demand that ‘alternative’ therapies undergo review under Western medical criteria is as laughable as it is paternalistic. Says Eugene Taylor, â€Å"Can we actually understand acupuncture without reading the Five Confucian Classics or The Yellow Emperor’s Classic on Traditional Chinese Medicine? Western practitioners would say we don’t need them if we have the scientific evidence; Chinese practitioners would consider this the answer of an uncultivated dog-faced barbarian† (p. 33).Ironically, while Western scientific method emerged from Cartesian thought in the 17 th century, Jeffrey Singer notes that the Chinese had â€Å"documented theories about circulation, pulse, and the heart over 4,000 years before European medicine had any concept about them† (2000; par. 3). Other regimes like homeopathy and aromatherapy have been in existence for centuries but are now deemed â€Å"alternative†, pseudonyms for â€Å"nonWestern†. This is paternalism at its worst because Singapore Med J 2002 Vol 43(3) : 151 so-called â€Å"alternative† therapies do not hold water, or are even oppressed by, a dominant Western medical standard.Wrote Angela Coulter, â€Å"Assumptions that doctor (or nurse) knows best, making decisions on behalf of patients without involving them and feeling threatened when patients have access to alternative sources of medical information – these signs of paternalism should have no place in modern health care† (1999; p. 719). The principle of beneficence is furthermore stymied through this kind of medical paternalism – how can the medical profession presume to serve the patient best when it fails to acknowledge other therapies that work? The medical profession must begin to re-look itself.Thus far, s olutions towards resolving the paternalism problem deal exclusively with advocating either paternalism, autonomy, or middle-road, shared decision patient-physician relationship models such as the one proposed by Elywn, Edwards, Gwyn and Grol. They propose â€Å"sharing the uncertainties about the outcomes of medical processes and. .. exposing the fact that data are often unavailable or not known† (1999; p. 753). Again, proposed shared-decision solutions deal with co-responsibility of medical decisions, but the solutions do not determine the decision itself, and whether the decision serves the patient best.Indeed, a quantitative solution may be near impossible, such is the dynamics of any ethical issue. Medical paternalism, however, must be deconstructed as an issue by both the medical profession and the patient. To approach a resolution through the eyes of the medical profession only serves to perpetuate medical paternalism, albeit in another form, which would not serve the patient. Surmises R S Downie, â€Å"The antidote to paternalism, or an inappropriate excessive expression of beneficence is a sense of justice and honesty† (1996; p. 5).Medical practitioners then must also start recognising their own limitations as a healthcare provider and the limitations of knowledge in their own profession. It is a certain humility reflected in a physician’s comment during a study by Sullivan, Menapace and White (2001), â€Å"I’m not the God of this patient, just a technician with an education†.   How to cite The Principle of Beneficence vs Patient Autonomy and Rights, Papers

Importance of Social Marketing History

Question: Discuss about the Importance of Social Marketing History. Answer: Introduction: Reading Philip Kotler and Gary Armstrong (2012), media has been regarded as a means of mass communication that includes television, radio, newspaper and even internet. It is a channel through which any kind of news, information or even a promotional message can be disseminated among a large group of people is termed as a media. In recent scenario, with the advent of numerous social networking sites and various apps that are going viral, small and big scale companies are utilizing these platforms as a means of marketing their product and aiming to attract more consumers of their product. Overview of the article: Pokemon Go a great new marketing channel is the article selected for the analysis. The article has been published in the Sydney Morning Herald and it talks about the new marketing method that can gain momentum due to the increasing influence of the gaming app Pokemon Go. The article discusses about a restaurant owner, George Iskander and the marketing tactics used to attract customers. The owner claimed that there has been an increase in the number of customers in the restaurant because people get the opportunity of grabbing more Pokemons when they visit this particular restaurant. The owner come with marketing approach that to provide 10% discount to those who could show their Pokedex (Alexandra Cain, "Pokemon Go A Great New Marketing Channel", 2016). Key marketing issues: The marketing issue that that has arrived at this point is that the owner has focused greatly on the online gamers for their business. It has to be understood that the major players of the game are those belonging to the age group of 12 and 30 years. However, the customers of the restaurant are not limited to these groups of people. Thus, using Pokemon Go can one of the marketing tools but the owners should not limit their marketing to this. The marketing shall be done on a larger basis (Mr. Parthasarathi Senapati, 2014). This narrow approach of the restaurant targeting only the Pokemon Go users can be termed as one of the major marketing issues. Recommendations with justification: The marketing approach undertaken by the restaurant owner was mainly targeted to attract the local people. It has to be understood that there are people who do not play Pokemon Go and they shall find nothing lucrative to visit that restaurant. Local advertisement such as on place promotion by placing a hoarding narrating the best offers and quality food that the restaurant has to offer to their customers can be an effective tool for small businesses. Moreover, using social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter are always effective to attract large number of people especially for the local market. References: Alexandra Cain, "Pokemon Go A Great New Marketing Channel", The Sydney Morning Herald, last modified 2016, accessed September 4, 2016, https://www.smh.com.au/small-business/trends/the-big-idea/pokemon-go-a-great-new-marketing-channel-20160802-gqjaq6.html. French, "The Importance Of Social Marketing History", Social Marketing Quarterly 21, no. 4 (2015): 191-193. Mr. Parthasarathi Senapati, "Marketing Of Small Business, A Case Of Small Business In India", IOSR Journal of Business and Management 16, no. 5 (2014): 08-11. Philip Kotler and Gary Armstrong, Principles Of Marketing (Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2012).

Islam and Science in Islam, Fatalism, and Medical Intervention

Review of the Main Themes Both studies under consideration are dedicated to identifying the relations between religion and science from various perspectives. At this point, the first article called Islam, Fatalism, and Medical Intervention: Lessons from Egypt on the Cultivation of Forbearance provides an alternative view on the role of religious â€Å"fatalism† in advancing or hampering social, scientific, and technological progress.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Islam and Science in Islam, Fatalism, and Medical Intervention specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The author redefines the existing notions and tries to highlight the actual reasons for the Muslim people’s reluctance to undergo medical treatment. The second article called Islam, Procreation and the Law discusses the moral and religious codes with regard to the notions of reproduction and sexuality treated from a historical perspective. It a lso presents how religious views on reproduction and abortion influence legal issues in the Islamic countries. Despite different angles reviewed in the articles, they both provide a religious and historical insight in the current problems of medical treatment and health among the Muslim. In addition, they also reveal how religious and moral codes relate to social and legal issues. The Main Ideas of the Articles While representing the main ideas in the articles, both authors rely on historical resources and introduce an ethnographical approach to studying the problems. At this point, the author sheds light on different religious ideologies to infer an alternative definition of the religious â€Å"fatalism† with reference to such concepts as religious steadfastness and divine will. In this respect, Hamdy argues, â€Å"it is critical to unpack the various implications of the charge of fatalism as well as the social realities that it masks for a better understanding of the pract ices of both Islam and biomedicine†1. Looking from this perspective, religion is not a potential constrain to medical interventions and social progress, but people’s reliance on the so-called â€Å"comfort mechanism†. Because of poverty and poor social conditions, the Muslims strive to appease and, as a result, they oppose treatment. Similar to Hamdy, Sachedina also refers to historical and religious background to provide explanation for current issues related to human health2. Specific attention, however, is paid to the way religion influences the current state of social and legal perception of reproduction, abortion, and sexuality. While referring to history and exploring the main provisions of Quran, the author builds a solid foundation for further discussion.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The major differences between ideas representation lies in the extent to which the authors rely on primary sources, such as Quran and other first-hand documents. At this point, Hamdy focuses more on scientific works and theoretical frameworks represented by other scholars in the field of research. By referring to scientific works, the author argues, â€Å"faith in divine will has often been interpreted as passivity, inaction, or false consciousness – a functionalist mechanism to alleviate poverty and suffering†3. In contrast, Sachedina relies heavily on primary documents to make a statement about the concept of reproduction and sexuality: â€Å"Within the confines of marriage, sexuality is treated as one of the good things in life that a Muslim should enjoy. Marriage is commendable and is recommended for whoever can afford it†4. Consequently, reference to diverge resources identifies author’s attitude toward the role of science and religion in social life. Confrontation between Religion and Science: Main Assumptions and Key Considerations While estimating the role of religion in social and cultural life of the Muslim people, both articles reveals the rigid confrontation between religious ideologies and biotechnological progress. At this point, Hamdy discusses the role of religious â€Å"fatalism† with regard to terminally ill patients and re-orients the analysis to the way religious traditions disguise the social realities: â€Å"religion is assumed to be a tool of manipulation by the powerful to keep the disadvantaged downtrodden†5. Similar to the first study, Sachedina considers religion the major challenging factor affecting social and legal spheres of life in the Eastern countries. In particular, the author underscores, â€Å"Islam is a comprehensive system that regulates the spiritual as well as civic aspects of individual and communal life†6. Quran is considered to be the major source of laws dictating the behavioral patterns and providing different perceptions of su ch medical and biological interventions as contraception, abortion, and sterilization. Deep philosophical analysis has been represented in both studies to define what aspects of religion have a potent impact on the development of current scientific and technological issues, as well as how religious tradition challenges the current development of biotechnology. In this respect, both authors have reached a consensus concerning false interpretation of the sacred book generating more misconceptions with regard the evaluation of medicine, science, and technology.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Islam and Science in Islam, Fatalism, and Medical Intervention specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While addressing historical sources and interpreting relevant passages from first-hand documents, Hamdy recounts the case in which a patient Muhammad agreed to have dialysis procedures and rejected to transplant another kidney becau se of the God’s will: â€Å"For Muhammad†¦ pain was not an abhorrence to be eliminated at all costs†¦some pain was regarded as a blessing, as a reminder of God, and as something for which to be thankful†7. Hence, the author expresses his concerns with the way religious tradition manipulates people’s lives. The expectations also create challenges for legal issues in Islamic world. Within this framework, Sachedina underlines, â€Å"†¦Muslim countries have constitutional provisions indicating that Shari’ah is either â€Å"a source† or â€Å"the source† of legislation†8. With regard to the previous article, the given study is more focused on estimating the value of the Quran and religious schools in considering and justifying different issues related to women’s health and reproduction. On the one hand, both studies provide a heavy criticism of Islam as the major constraint in advancing science and technology and prom oting social welfare. On the other hand, both authors attain much importance to Quran as the solid foundation of ethical and moral codes being congruent with contemporary outlooks on health issues. To enlarge on this point, Hamdy notes that religion and spiritual foundations do not actually disapprove medical intervention, but interpret those as God’s will as far as the transplantation is concerned9. Because of misinterpretation, many Muslim people believe, â€Å"transplantation could not possibly be pleasing to God†10. At the same time, thee author represents another experience approving of transplantation and explaining that â€Å"†¦God had given our bodies as a trust (amana) and that he was therefore responsible to take care of it†11. Representing this case enables to assert that sacred documents are often interpreted with regard to social changes to adapt to the ongoing environment. Sachedina also makes use of similar statement while considering the rol e of place of religion in shaping legal platform in the Muslim world.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At this point, the author explains the divergence in school of thought by various interpretation of Islam while considering the problem of contraception: â€Å"family planning†¦is occasioned by the people’s own choice and conviction, without constraint or compulsion†¦ on the condition that the means for effecting this planning is legitimate†12. In this respect, the existence of different religious schools proves once again that sacred documents have controversial passages that can be misinterpreted and can challenge the scientific and technological progress. The challenges created by religious tradition are discussed in terms of different philosophical and ethical issues. At this point, Hamdy believes, â€Å"†¦many ill patients drew on Islamic theological notions of faith in the face of suffering as redemptive of past sins or heedlessness of God†13. Disease, therefore, is not considered as a biological disorder, but a spiritual phenomena, God†™s will. Religious, but not physiological, interpretations are also approved people while discussing the problem of procreation and sexuality14. Judging from these considerations, both authors have provided a clear distinctions between religious ideologies and anti-science movements due to the diverse purposes followed by each one. Evaluating the Main Strengths and Weaknesses: Competitiveness of the Cases An in-depth evaluation of key considerations outlined in the studies, specific emphasis should be placed on the arguments and evidence that authors apply to make the case valid and reliable. At this point, Hamdy discloses his perception of religion and its relation to medicine with regard to personal encounters with people undergoing medical treatment15. By analyzing their vision on Quran provisions and personal perception of religion, the researcher has successfully managed to define how misconceptions emerged, as well as in what ways religion is used as powerful source of socia l manipulation. In contrast to this study, Sacheldina introduces historical information from the primary sources and discusses the way different theorists interpret Quran16. Within this framework, the research proves to be consistent, valid, and argumentative because each concept and notion is premised on factual information and solid evidence. Conclusion Both research studies under analysis represent a deep ideological, theological and ethical discourse in the medical treatment and biotechnological progress. Though the authors approach the discussion of Islam and its influence on social and health care environment from different angles, their assumptions are closely associated. At this point, Hamdy reveals Islamic influence on social reality, as well as analyzes how a religious disposition influences the patient’s decision to refuse to transplant organs. At this point, many patients consider God’s will as the basic ethical and philosophical foundations shaping their a ttitudes to life. At the same time, Hamdy withdraws religion and faith as the basic reasons for foreclosing medical intervention. Instead, he places an emphasis on circumstances, contexts, and conditions under which the patients make decision premised on God’s will. In contrast, Sachedina directly addresses the religious texts to explain the existing legal and ethical issues related reproduction and contraception. The author makes a conclusion that the sacred book represents specific assumptions that can be variously interpreted with regard to constantly changes social and cultural backgrounds. At this point, the author proves that Quran does not provide a unanimous answer concerning the negative attitude of Islam to the contraception and reproduction. Unlike the first study, the author highlight the importance of adhering to moral and theological principles in Quran and adapt those to the modern environment. Bibliography Hamdy, Sherine F. â€Å"Islam, Fatalism, and Medical Intervention: Lessons from Egypt on the Cultivation of Forbearance,† Anthropological Quarterly 82 (2009): 173-196. Sachedina, Zulie â€Å"Islam, Procreactiona and the Law,† International Family Planning Perspectives 16.3 (1990): 107-111. Footnotes 1 Sherine F. Hamdy â€Å"Islam, Fatalism, and Medical Intervention: Lessons from Egypt on the Cultivation of Forbearance,† Anthropological Quarterly 82 (2009): 174. 2 Zulie Sachedina â€Å"Islam, Procreactiona and the Law,† International Family Planning Perspectives 16.3 (1990): 108. 3 Sherine F. Hamdy â€Å"Islam, Fatalism, and Medical Intervention: Lessons from Egypt on the Cultivation of Forbearance,† Anthropological Quarterly 82 (2009):174-175 4 Zulie Sachedina â€Å"Islam, Procreactiona and the Law,† International Family Planning Perspectives 16.3 (1990): 108. 5 Sherine F. Hamdy â€Å"Islam, Fatalism, and Medical Intervention: Lessons from Egypt on the Cultivation of Forbearance,† Anthro pological Quarterly 82 (2009): 175 6 Zulie Sachedina â€Å"Islam, Procreactiona and the Law,† International Family Planning Perspectives 16.3 (1990): 108. 7 Sherine F. Hamdy â€Å"Islam, Fatalism, and Medical Intervention: Lessons from Egypt on the Cultivation of Forbearance,† Anthropological Quarterly 82 (2009): 179 8 Zulie Sachedina â€Å"Islam, Procreactiona and the Law,† International Family Planning Perspectives 16.3 (1990): 110. 9 Sherine F. Hamdy â€Å"Islam, Fatalism, and Medical Intervention: Lessons from Egypt on the Cultivation of Forbearance,† Anthropological Quarterly 82 (2009): 183 10 Hamdy â€Å"Islam, Fatalism, and Medical Intervention: Lessons from Egypt on the Cultivation of Forbearance,† 183 11 Hamdy, â€Å"Islam, Fatalism, and Medical Intervention: Lessons from Egypt on the Cultivation of Forbearance†, 183. 12 Zulie Sachedina â€Å"Islam, Procreactiona and the Law,† International Family Planning Perspectives 16.3 ( 1990): 109. 13 Hamdy, â€Å"Islam, Fatalism, and Medical Intervention: Lessons from Egypt on the Cultivation of Forbearance†, 185. 14 Zulie Sachedina â€Å"Islam, Procreactiona and the Law,† International Family Planning Perspectives 16.3 (1990): 110. 15 Hamdy, â€Å"Islam, Fatalism, and Medical Intervention: Lessons from Egypt on the Cultivation of Forbearance†, 175, 185. 16 Zulie Sachedina â€Å"Islam, Procreactiona and the Law,† International Family Planning Perspectives 16.3 (1990): 110. 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How to Gain Knowledge About DBQ Essay Writing

How to Gain Knowledge About DBQ Essay WritingSample DBQ essays are one of the few resources that can be used to gain knowledge about DBQ Essay writing. The purpose of these resources is to help you find the answers that you are looking for while you're completing DBQ essays. While most people think that a DBQ essay is writing a report, it is not entirely true. A DBQ essay is a much longer writing style and will typically be double spaced or wider and have a high number of words.DBQ essays are commonly used to discuss issues such as the voting rights for minorities in the US. In this case, the authors' personal information will not be published. The sample DBQ essay should address the opinions of the author on several major political and social issues.The fact that the topics in this form of writing are often controversial can make it quite challenging for many liberal writers. Luckily, if you want to gain knowledge about DBQ Essay writing, the internet is there to help you out.Before beginning a DBQ essay, you must know a few basic facts about DBQ writing. You must know what is a Bibliography and how it can affect your paper. You must also know the difference between an Argument and a Question.You must also know that, in order to write a DBQ essay, you will need to take notes during your essay. This is important because it allows you to organize and categorize your ideas as you read through your paper.For instance, while writing an argumentative essay, you may want to organize all your thoughts, but you will likely forget what made you think those thoughts up. If you read your essay and do not remember what drove you to come up with your conclusion, you may simply be reading the same premise over again.The key to writing an argumentative DBQ essay, is to put all your thought together in a way that relates to the issues that Men's Suffrage is currently being discussed. This way, when you are finally finished, you will have something to show your professor or any other readers of your writing.By using a sample DBQ essay as a resource, you will be able to gain knowledge about writing DBQ essays. While the topics are controversial, you will still be able to offer your opinion about a wide range of topics and gain knowledge about writing DBQ essays.

How Total Fertility Rate Affects a Countrys Population

How Total Fertility Rate Affects a Countrys Population The term total fertility rate describes the total number of children the average women in a population is likely to have based on current birth rates throughout her life. The number ranges from more than six children per woman in developing countries in Africa to around one child per woman in Eastern European and highly developed Asian countries. Replacement Rate The concept of replacement rate is associated with total fertility rate.  The replacement rate is the number of children each woman needs to have to maintain current population levels, or what is known as zero population growth, for her and the father.   In developed countries, the necessary replacement rate is about 2.1. Since replacement cannot occur if a child does not grow to maturity and have their own offspring, the need for the extra 0.1 child (a 5 percent buffer) per woman is due to the potential for death and factors in those who choose or are unable to have children. In less developed countries, the replacement rate is around 2.3 because of higher childhood and adult death rates. World Fertility Rates Vary Widely Nonetheless, with total fertility rates of 6.01 in Mali and 6.49 in Niger (as of 2017), the resultant growth in these countries populations is expected to be phenomenal over the next few years, unless growth rates and total fertility rates drop. For example, Malis 2017 population was approximately 18.5 million, up from 12 million a decade prior. If Malis high total fertility rate per woman continues, the population will continue to explode. Malis 2017 growth rate of 3.02 means a doubling time of just 23 years. Other countries with high total fertility rates included Angola at 6.16, Somalia at 5.8, Zambia at 5.63, Malawi at 5.49, Afghanistan at 5.12, and Mozambique at 5.08. On the other hand, more than 70 countries had (as of 2017) a total fertility rate of less than 2. Without immigration or an increase in total fertility rates, all of these countries will have declining populations over the next few decades. Some of the lowest total fertility rates included developed as well as developing countries. Examples of countries with low fertility rates were Singapore at 0.83, Macau at 0.95,  Lithuania at 1.59, the Czech Republic at 1.45, Japan at 1.41, and   Canada at 1.6. The U.S. Fertility Rate Is Below Replacement The total fertility rate for the United States in 2017 was below replacement value at 1.87 and the total fertility rate for the world was 2.5, down from 2.8 in 2002 and 5.0 in 1965. Chinas one-child policy definitely shows in the countrys total low fertility rate of 1.6. Different cultural groups within a country can exhibit different total fertility rates. In the United States, for example, when the countrys total fertility rate was 1.82 (in 2016), the total fertility rate was 2.09 for Hispanics, 1.83 for African Americans, 1.69 for Asians, and 1.72 for whites, still the largest ethnic group. Total fertility rates are closely tied to growth rates for countries and can be an excellent indicator of future population growth or decline for a country or for a population within a country.

How Total Fertility Rate Affects a Countrys Population

How Total Fertility Rate Affects a Countrys Population The term total fertility rate describes the total number of children the average women in a population is likely to have based on current birth rates throughout her life. The number ranges from more than six children per woman in developing countries in Africa to around one child per woman in Eastern European and highly developed Asian countries. Replacement Rate The concept of replacement rate is associated with total fertility rate.  The replacement rate is the number of children each woman needs to have to maintain current population levels, or what is known as zero population growth, for her and the father.   In developed countries, the necessary replacement rate is about 2.1. Since replacement cannot occur if a child does not grow to maturity and have their own offspring, the need for the extra 0.1 child (a 5 percent buffer) per woman is due to the potential for death and factors in those who choose or are unable to have children. In less developed countries, the replacement rate is around 2.3 because of higher childhood and adult death rates. World Fertility Rates Vary Widely Nonetheless, with total fertility rates of 6.01 in Mali and 6.49 in Niger (as of 2017), the resultant growth in these countries populations is expected to be phenomenal over the next few years, unless growth rates and total fertility rates drop. For example, Malis 2017 population was approximately 18.5 million, up from 12 million a decade prior. If Malis high total fertility rate per woman continues, the population will continue to explode. Malis 2017 growth rate of 3.02 means a doubling time of just 23 years. Other countries with high total fertility rates included Angola at 6.16, Somalia at 5.8, Zambia at 5.63, Malawi at 5.49, Afghanistan at 5.12, and Mozambique at 5.08. On the other hand, more than 70 countries had (as of 2017) a total fertility rate of less than 2. Without immigration or an increase in total fertility rates, all of these countries will have declining populations over the next few decades. Some of the lowest total fertility rates included developed as well as developing countries. Examples of countries with low fertility rates were Singapore at 0.83, Macau at 0.95,  Lithuania at 1.59, the Czech Republic at 1.45, Japan at 1.41, and   Canada at 1.6. The U.S. Fertility Rate Is Below Replacement The total fertility rate for the United States in 2017 was below replacement value at 1.87 and the total fertility rate for the world was 2.5, down from 2.8 in 2002 and 5.0 in 1965. Chinas one-child policy definitely shows in the countrys total low fertility rate of 1.6. Different cultural groups within a country can exhibit different total fertility rates. In the United States, for example, when the countrys total fertility rate was 1.82 (in 2016), the total fertility rate was 2.09 for Hispanics, 1.83 for African Americans, 1.69 for Asians, and 1.72 for whites, still the largest ethnic group. Total fertility rates are closely tied to growth rates for countries and can be an excellent indicator of future population growth or decline for a country or for a population within a country.

How Total Fertility Rate Affects a Countrys Population

How Total Fertility Rate Affects a Countrys Population The term total fertility rate describes the total number of children the average women in a population is likely to have based on current birth rates throughout her life. The number ranges from more than six children per woman in developing countries in Africa to around one child per woman in Eastern European and highly developed Asian countries. Replacement Rate The concept of replacement rate is associated with total fertility rate.  The replacement rate is the number of children each woman needs to have to maintain current population levels, or what is known as zero population growth, for her and the father.   In developed countries, the necessary replacement rate is about 2.1. Since replacement cannot occur if a child does not grow to maturity and have their own offspring, the need for the extra 0.1 child (a 5 percent buffer) per woman is due to the potential for death and factors in those who choose or are unable to have children. In less developed countries, the replacement rate is around 2.3 because of higher childhood and adult death rates. World Fertility Rates Vary Widely Nonetheless, with total fertility rates of 6.01 in Mali and 6.49 in Niger (as of 2017), the resultant growth in these countries populations is expected to be phenomenal over the next few years, unless growth rates and total fertility rates drop. For example, Malis 2017 population was approximately 18.5 million, up from 12 million a decade prior. If Malis high total fertility rate per woman continues, the population will continue to explode. Malis 2017 growth rate of 3.02 means a doubling time of just 23 years. Other countries with high total fertility rates included Angola at 6.16, Somalia at 5.8, Zambia at 5.63, Malawi at 5.49, Afghanistan at 5.12, and Mozambique at 5.08. On the other hand, more than 70 countries had (as of 2017) a total fertility rate of less than 2. Without immigration or an increase in total fertility rates, all of these countries will have declining populations over the next few decades. Some of the lowest total fertility rates included developed as well as developing countries. Examples of countries with low fertility rates were Singapore at 0.83, Macau at 0.95,  Lithuania at 1.59, the Czech Republic at 1.45, Japan at 1.41, and   Canada at 1.6. The U.S. Fertility Rate Is Below Replacement The total fertility rate for the United States in 2017 was below replacement value at 1.87 and the total fertility rate for the world was 2.5, down from 2.8 in 2002 and 5.0 in 1965. Chinas one-child policy definitely shows in the countrys total low fertility rate of 1.6. Different cultural groups within a country can exhibit different total fertility rates. In the United States, for example, when the countrys total fertility rate was 1.82 (in 2016), the total fertility rate was 2.09 for Hispanics, 1.83 for African Americans, 1.69 for Asians, and 1.72 for whites, still the largest ethnic group. Total fertility rates are closely tied to growth rates for countries and can be an excellent indicator of future population growth or decline for a country or for a population within a country.

Brain Food for the ACT 11 Best Exam Snacks

Brain Food for the ACT Best Exam Snacks SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Looking for the best snacks for the ACT? You should be! Snacks are an underrated yet crucial part of planning for the ACT. Good snacks will help you succeed on the ACT, giving you the brain boost you need, while bad snacks can suck your energy and make you more hungry. In this article, I’ll address why snacks are important, the qualities of the best ACTsnacks, and give you snack options. I’ll also give you some tips to succeed on test day. Why Are Snacks Important? Snacks keep your stomachfrom grumbling during the test.The ACT is difficult enough without any added distractions.Eating snacks to avoid feeling hungry and unfocused.However, you need to make sure that you choose a snack that will satisfy you and fuel you without causing an energy crash or making you crave more food.Good snacks will help you succeed on the ACT while bad snacks can worsen your ACT performance. To make sure you feel full and fueled during the test, bring two good snacks (or one snack that you have three portions of).That way you can have one snack for each break (since there are two breaks during the ACT). The Qualities of Good ACT Snacks While sugar and simple carbs are tasty and give you a quick boost, they also can lead to an energy crash.A crash means you might lose focus and feel sleepy, which would be killer during the ACT.Furthermore, these empty carbs can make you crave more food, so try to avoid foods that are made up of only simple carbs, sugar, or corn syrup. What is a great snack?One that is packed with healthy fats or protein.Healthy fats make youfeel full, so there won’t be any grumbling.Also, healthy fats and protein help your brain function, boosting your power and helping you succeed. The best snacks will also be convenientto transport, so you caneasilyeat them at the test center. Yum! The Best ACT Snacks If you're looking for brain food for the exam, try one of these delicious(and portable!) snacks. #1: Jerky Jerky is a tasty and easy grab and go snack that’s loaded with protein to keep you going.It doesn’t matter what jerky you choose: beef, pork, turkey, salmon are all good choices.Choose whatever kind you enjoy! #2: Nuts Nuts are fabulous because they’re packed with protein and healthy fat, yet low in carb.They will keep you satisfied while fueling you.Any nut is great: almonds, cashews, walnuts, macadamia nuts, etc. However, try to choose plain nuts or nuts and dried fruit trail mixes instead trail mixes that add in chocolate or candies.The added sugar could cause a crash and make you feel sleepy. #3: Veggie/Corn Chips and Guacamole This is a great option for those with allergies since there are no nuts, wheat, dairy, or eggs involved.Additionally, guacamole is a tasty source of healthy fats.You can pick up single serving packets of guac by Sabra or Wholly Guacamole at your local Target, Walmart, or another grocery store. I suggest eating your guac with corn or veggie chips since they’re healthier than potato chips, but potato chips are a decent substitute. #4: Carrots/Celery Sticks and Nut Butter For picky eaters like me, this is a tastier way to eat nuts.I don’t like raw nuts, but nut butter is delicious and just as nutritious as nuts.Nut butters will satisfy your hunger and fuel your brain. Try to choose a nut butter that is natural rather than one with added sugar and/or corn syrup, but if you can only find one with added stuff, that's okay. A spoonful of peanut butter helps you ace the ACT! #5: Carrots/Celery Sticks and Hummus This snack makes another great option for students with allergies or intolerances since you can avoid dairy, eggs, wheat, and nuts.Also, this snack is yummy and satisfying. However, I’d suggest you only eat this for one of your two snacks since this snack is not as satisfying as the other on this list.Balance this one with a higher fat packed snack such as the veggie chips and guac to make sure you stay full and fueled throughout the test. #6: Cheese Cheese is an awesome snack for picky eaters because who doesn't like cheese?Also, there are several easy to transport and eat cheese options such as string cheese and Babybel.Cheese is loaded with fat and protein to keep you feeling full and to power you to ACT success. You won't want to share! #7: Apple/Banana and Nut Butter Another yummy snack for the picky eaters out there.As I said in the veggie sticks and nut butter section, you should try to choose a natural nut butter over a processed one with sugar and/or corn syrup, but if the processed is all you have, that’s fine. #8: Dried Fruit Dried fruits are full of nutrients to give you the extra boost you need.If you can, try to pick dried fruit with no added sugar.If you only find dried fruit with added sugar, then you should try to mix them with nuts to create a trail mix that offsets that sugar with healthy stuff. If you don't mix the dried fruit with nuts (whether due to allergies or a dislike of nuts), only eat dried fruit for one of your two snacks; it’s not as filling as other snacks on this list.Select a fat and protein packed snack such as the veggie sticks and nut butter as your other snack. #9: Seeds Seeds are a treat usually reserved for the baseball field, but they make an excellent snack anytime.Seeds are full of the healthy fats that will keep you focused during the ACT.Choose any seeds you like: pumpkin seeds (aka pepitas), flax seeds, sunflower seeds, etc. Another option is to mix different seeds with nuts to create a nutritious trail mix.No matter how you choose to eat them, seeds are easy to transport snacks that will satisfy your cravings and help you maintain your focus. Don't plant them! Eat them! #10: Fruit and Nut Bars These bars are delicious, and that’s coming from a very picky eater.Check out KIND or Larabars because they contain only natural ingredients.Made up of mostly dried fruit and nuts, these bars are loaded with healthy fats and nutrients. Choose a flavor without chocolate since you don’t need any added sugar.Also, only use this for one of your two snacks since the dried fruit have some sugar.Offset it with another snack on this list such as cheese. #: Water Okay, water isn’t really a snack per se, but you must bring water with you to the ACT.Dehydration can cause you to lose focus and potentially lower your ACT score.Bring one bottle of water with your two snacks. Hey, Dora, won’t there be a water fountain at my test center?Well, there might be, but you can’t count on it.Also, you don’t want to wait on a line to drink from the water fountain during your short breaks. Note: it’s also important to avoid drinking too much water because you don’t want to feel the need to pee in the middle of an ACT section.Split the one bottle of water you bring into two imaginary portions.Consume at most one portion (Â ½ of the bottle) at each break. What Foods You Should Avoid You can definitely bring another snack that may not be on this list, but you should avoid sugar or corn syrup filled snacks such as candy and simple carbs such as potato chips.These snacks are neither satisfying nor nutritious.After eating them, you'll just want more food. Additionally, avoid coffee.If you don’t normally drink coffee, don’t try it on test day.If you normally are a coffee drinker, then only have one cup.Too much coffee will make you jittery and can cause an energy crash.If you want more caffeine, try green tea! Green tea is delicious and nutritious! 3 Tips for Test Day Success You want to go into the ACT feeling calm and prepared, so follow our three tips for test day success. Tip #1: Put all of your ACT materials in a bag the night prior to the test, so you're not running around the morning of the test. Remember to include your ACT admissions ticket, picture ID, calculator, extra batteries, pencils, eraser, pencil sharpener, watch, snacks, and water bottle. Tip #2: Get at least eight hours of sleep, which means go to bed early. You want to feel well-rested. You also want to feel awake for the test, so wake up at least an hour before you need to leave for your test center. By the time you get to the test center, you’ll feel very awake. Tip #3: Eat a large, healthy breakfast before the test. Eggs, greek yogurt, and oatmeal are all great choices. Also, while you eat, read the newspaper to get your brain going. Take our advice, and you'll be well-rested, calm, and ready to rock the ACT. What’s Next? Preparing to take the ACT? Learn how you should spend the night before the ACT. Also, check out the rules and regulations for the test, so you don’t make a mistake. Do you know what your dream college is? Find out what ACT score you need to get in! Learn about what is important to colleges. Not sure where you want to go to college? We will help you find your target schooland help you figure out what your ACT target score should be. Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.