Martins Argument On Homosexuality - 1526 Words

In recent years, Dale Martin has pioneered the idea that Paul did not, in fact, condemn the practice of homosexuality. Martin argues that Paul was too defamiliarized with the notion of â€Å"homosexuality† to pass a judgement on it. Thus, the apostle was neither supporting it, condemning it, or even taking a neutral stance on it. Paul was, according to Martin, completely oblivious to the concept. While Martin’s case is admittedly compelling, I would assert two major flaws in his argument. Traditionally, the first chapter of Paul’s letter to the Romans has been used as evidence for New Testament condemnation of homosexuality. Scholars who argue against homosexual condemnation must interpret men who â€Å"gave up natural relations with women and were consumed with passion for one another† as being something other than homosexual. Most commonly, such a scholar claims that Paul was speaking specifically on the issue of pederasty, not globally on the issue of h omosexuality. This claim falls short when one comes to appreciate how well understood pederasty was in antiquity. Unlike homosexuality, pederasty was well defined in Greek thought as a relationship between an adult male (the erastes) and a younger male (the eromenos). If Paul were really condemning only pederasty, he certainly would have employed erastes/eromenos rhetoric in doing so. The second flaw in Martin’s claim about Paul is that Martin neglects to acknowledge Paul’s Greek/Jewish duality. Martin, who specializes in the socialShow MoreRelatedEssay about Should Same-Sex Marriage Be Legalized? 1555 Words   |  7 Pagesmarriage will, too, be validated by the courts because â€Å"the world only spins forward† (258). Even though Barber and Quindlen stand on opposite sides of the debate with views clashing on fundamental concepts like the meaning of marriage, the nature of homosexuality, and the applicability of the Loving v. Virginia court case to the issue, in various areas the two authors have common ground. Marriage is an abstract concept that may have different definitions for different people. For Barber, marriage is theRead More Gay Marriages Essay1644 Words   |  7 Pagesyear between the mid-1970s and 1987 (D’ Emilio). Gays and lesbians choosing to marry each other, love one another and raise children will never cease. It will only grow with time as you can see. The homosexuality of people today is just more out in the open than years ago. There are many arguments for the reason to disallow gay marriages to be legalized. †¢ Marriage is a sacred institution for heterosexuals to create a family. †¢ Same-sex couples do not make the best environment in which childrenRead MoreHistorical Impact of The Stonewall Riots in Stonewall Essay1041 Words   |  5 Pagescaused sexual orientation to be a protected category in the growing movement for civil rights. Carter’s book provides a well-structured argument, supported mainly by primary evidence, into the different factors that contributed to the riots as well as a detailed account of the events that transpired during the riots and the political attitudes towards homosexuality in America during this time. The Stonewall Riots were a series of riots that took place at a gay club, Stonewall Inn, in GreenwichRead MoreBend It Like Beckham Feminism Essay1995 Words   |  8 Pages while a player on the U.S. men’s team is paid nearly $6,000,000 alone (Conerly). Although the film attempts to convey its progressiveness through the usage of female soccer players, it fails to promote the remaining progressive elements such homosexuality, race, and culture. In the movie Bend It Like Beckham, there are women playing soccer at a very competitive semi-pro level for a team. The women in the movie are very athletic and show great grit during their games. However, viewers do see theRead MoreHomosexuality - Nature or Nurture Essay2535 Words   |  11 PagesHomosexuality Nature or Nurture Have you ever wondered what creates a persons sexual preference? Is it possible that their social influences and environment can lead them to certain sexual practices and same sex relationships or could it be that some people have a genetic makeup that makes it completely natural to be attracted to members of the same sex? These questions lead us to the long-lived debate of nature or nurture. Some scientists believe that people behave as they do accordingRead MoreEssay about Correlations between Biology and Male Homosexuality3556 Words   |  15 PagesCorrelations Between Biology and Male Homosexuality Homosexuality, one of the many different sexual behaviors exhibited by humankind, has been rejected, persecuted, and denied. Are the studies that attempt to find causation moral? Is this search for the why of homosexuality a continuation of the heterosexist assumption that heterosexuality is normal and homosexuality abnormal? Are assumptions being made that homosexuality is a disease and should therefore be treated medically? Is the researchRead MoreGay Marriage: Moral or Immoral?2203 Words   |  9 Pages(2010) Credoreference.com) It is common knowledge, however, that the number of â€Å"traditional† marriages have declined in the last century and same sex marriages have increased over the last few decades. (Marriage. (2010). Credoreference.com) Homosexuality is attraction to people of the same sex. (Weinberg, World Book. July 11, 2011) Homosexual men are commonly called gay and homosexual women are known as lesbians. Due to the rise in same sex relationships, gay marr iages, or same sex marriagesRead MoreEssay on Same-Sex Marriage, the Right to Unite2088 Words   |  9 Pagesrelationship begins. Also, married homosexuals tend to older when they tie the knot. Finally, Danish gays and lesbians rarely divorce...(because)...only those who are strongly motivated to marry do so, given societys disapproval of overt homosexuality(Jones, 22). Since the legalization of gay marriages in Hawaii and California are so recent, there are no current studies on the divorce rates among homosexuals in the United States. However, one would believe that Danish statistics in thisRead More Prostitution and Victorian Society Essay2538 Words   |  11 Pagesvenereal disease problem among enlisted men and prostitutes who service them, particularly the army, where 1 in 3 soldiers were infected at one point or another. As well as VD, the armed forces reported problems with drinking, demoralization, and homosexuality (or what was euphemistically called fraternization) . There was an attempt to protect army health by inspecting the soldiers for symptoms of VD but this was abandoned as it was thought to be demoralizing. The army had several reasons to tolerateRead More The Dangers of Censorship in High School Essay2591 Words   |  11 Pagesword censorship carries all types of implications and angles; it involve s a denial of an authors right to guaranteed freedoms of expression. However, as it relates to education, this issue goes a great deal deeper than the standard First Amendment argument. In attempting to ban certain types of literature from the classroom, censors are taking away the rights of teachers to prepare students for a reality that their parents do not seem to think will ever affect them. They likewise deny students the

Megan Grogan. Mrs. Arnold. English 1301.78. 17 April 2017.

Megan Grogan Mrs. Arnold English 1301.78 17 April 2017 To Save Another Sacrifice is something everyone has experienced in one way or another. For some, it has been as simple as giving someone their last piece of gum, but for others, it has been so much more. In John Steinbeck’s the Grapes of Wrath by Frank Galati, both Rose of Sharon and Jim Casy make major sacrifices. At the beginning of the play, Rose of Sharon starts out very childlike and self-concerned. Through events such as being abandoned by her husband and losing her baby, she grows into a more generous, mature, and self-sacrificing person. When Jim Casy is first introduced, he reveals that he is an ex-priest, who used to behave inappropriately with the ladies and has left†¦show more content†¦In contrast, Jim Casy’s sacrifice is of a different nature than the one previously discussed. This difference can be seen at the strike camp outside of Hooper Ranch. Men with clubs storm the camp, with the main focus of finding Casy. After he has been pointed out, th e men go after him; â€Å"The first man swings with the pick handle. Casy dodges down into the swing. The / heavy club crushes into the side of his head with a dull crunch of / bone and Casy falls sideways out of the light,† (Galati II). As a result of this attack, Casy dies. He sacrifices his life. While, as previously stated, this sacrifice may appear to differ greatly due to this distinction, the reality is that this is one of the only noteworthy differences in comparison to a plurality of similarities between Rose of Sharon and Jim Casy when it comes to sacrifice. However, in order to fully understand the similarities between the sacrifices of Rose of Sharon and Jim Casy, it is imperative that one understands and has a reliable knowledge of the play’s historical context. According to Unemployment During the Great Depression by John A. Garraty: â€Å"The Great Depression of the 1930s swept across most of the world like a blight or plague, swiftly and without warnin g. It produced much misery and suffering everywhere,† (133). This comparison offers an insight into the hardship produced by this time period and gives a representation of the

Yamashitas Tropic of Orange Essay - 2444 Words

Yamashitas Tropic of Orange This paper studies Yamashita’s Tropic of Orange as a magical realist text and examines the implications for such a style on the notion of the urban. Specifically, I will explore how Yamashita uses magical realism to collapse boundaries and socially transform Los Angeles into an embattled utopia for the disenfranchised. First, however, magical realism is a loaded term and some definitions are in order. In addition to important recent innovations in the form and its purposes, magical realism is in dialogue with a longer history of writing, including the epic, chivalric traditions, Greek pastoral, medieval dream visions, romantic traditions and Gothic fictions, all of which contribute a fantastic strain to†¦show more content†¦Magical realism also functions ideologically but†¦less hegemonically, for its program is not centralizing but eccentric: it creates space for interactions of diversity. In magical realist texts, ontological disruption serves the purpose of pol itical and cultural disruption: magic is often given as a cultural corrective, requiring readers to scrutinize accepted realistic conventions of causality, materiality, motivation. (3) This definition highlights the two dominant markers of the form: the use of fantasy and the counter-hegemonic disruption of cultural and social realities. Fantasy can imagine justice into the reality of an unjust world, which is why it has been so useful in postcolonial contexts and has interesting possibilities for metropolitan life. Yamashita’s novel fits squarely in this tradition, and I suggest she leverages the form to imaginatively transform Los Angeles from a plethora of racially, socially and economically distinct and, at times, antagonistic neighborhoods connected yet separated by freeways and bound within the borders of the U.S., to an embattled yet impossibly and transnationally interconnected utopian urbanity located literally on the freeway. Conventions of causality and materiality are regularly violated as the city physically and socially changes shape, congregating and collapsing distinct worlds, nations and cultures into one metropolis. Under the spell of magic al realism, Yamashita’s Los Angeles becomes aShow MoreRelatedKaren Tei Yamashitas Tropic of Orange Essay example2237 Words   |  9 Pagesdiscuss how all things came together in Larry’s life just as the critters all came together in the home in Mexico in the book â€Å"Tropic of Orange.† Many people made their way to the plot, just as many people were placed in Larry’s life, and this has played a major part in my life as well. The second section will be titled â€Å"Orange†. The orange in the book â€Å"Tropic of Orange† symbolized magic and dreams, so in this section of my paper I will discuss the great benefits of Larry’s decision to serve in VietnamRead MoreThe Tropic Of Orange By Karen Tei Yamashita1530 Words   |  7 PagesRunning Through the Six: Multiculturalism + Diversity in The Tropic of Orange Without a doubt, the cast assembled in Karen Tei Yamashita’s novel The Tropic of Orange is one of the most diverse in any novel I have ever read for a class. Unlike the typical fair of the â€Å"mostly white with a couple brown people sprinkled in† casts I normally see, Yamashita really takes it to the next level incorporating characters from almost all walks of life and several that boast many different nationalities. ItRead MoreEssay on The City of Los Angeles1470 Words   |  6 Pagespopulation of nine million reside in the city (US Census Bureau). Immigrants from all over the world move to Los Angeles because of the wide opportunities the city provides through the numerous schools and various employment occupations. In the novel Tropic of Orange by Karen Tei Yamashita we are introduce to Bobby Ngu’s and his story which subsidizes the reason to immigrate. Ngu from Singapore experienced some tough times back home with his family and his father tells him, â₠¬Å"you gotta have a future? BetterRead MoreIssues in Philippine Cinema5002 Words   |  21 Pagescourse of the battle Filipinos were forced to retreat and the Americans dominate the frame while Filipinos simultaneously exited the screen space. The setting was not in the Philippines at all as it was done in West Orange County in New Jersey with thick flora to represent the tropics of the Philippines. Filipinos were never casted in the film, instead Afro-Americans took the place of the Filipino revolutionaries, presuming that the Filipinos, whom they are subjugating, must look like the Afro-Americans

Roosevelt and Isolationism - 5742 Words

From Isolationism to War Patrick Williams Dr. B.G. McDonald HIE 366 15 April 2011 On 7 December 1941, shortly after seven in the morning, Japanese airmen, amidst the cries of Banzai, commenced the bombing of Pearl Harbour, leaving them to wonder if the Americans had ever heard of the 1904 surprise attack on the Russian Naval base at Port Arthur. In less than twenty-four hours after the Japanese aggression, United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt would address the congress: Yesterday, December 7, 1941 - a date which will live in infamy - the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.... I ask that the Congress†¦show more content†¦Hull based his assumptions on the fact that if countries could trade freely their economies would become interdependent that they could not risk going to war.[17] While his immediate hopes were dashed as a result of FDRs bombshell telegram at the 1933 London Conference, Hull was able to extract from the Congress Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act in 1934.[18] Hulls multilateral plans were tempered by the FDR administrationss preference towards a bilateral agreements and nationalistic policies. It is not surprising that FDRs policy reflected a tendency towards nationalist posture. Considering the recent past, historical precedence, public opinion and an influential isolationist senate governmental policies reflected the rejection of Wilsons ideali sm. The factors contributing to American isolationism are varied and at times controversial. Consider political scientist Samuel Lubells thesis that ethnic minorities were the impetus for interwar isolationism.[19] Lubell argues that Americans of German, Irish, Scandinavian, and Italian origin, for a variety of reasons, felt embittered over the outcome of World War I, and reacted strongly against Democratic attempts to an international approach to world affairs (which would be decidedly pro-British and anti-German, anti-Italian).[20] However, it is commonly asserted that: ...most historians have found itShow MoreRelatedThe Roosevelt Administration : Prioritizing Domestic Over Foreign Policy1441 Words   |  6 PagesThe Franklin D. Roosevelt Administration: Prioritizing Domestic over Foreign Policy Juna Kalo Charles Kraus HIST 2340W November 5, 2014 Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the 32nd President of the United States, was elected into office in 1932, a time of economic recession as a result of the New York stock market crash of 1929. During his vice presidential campaign, FDR had run on a platform that endorsed the League of Nations. However as a newly inaugurated President Roosevelt had to face theRead MoreTo what extent did the goals of American foreign policy change in the years 1930-1941? For what reasons did these goals change?1205 Words   |  5 Pagesforeign policy changed in the years 1930-1941 as Americans realized that fascism would likely conquer all of Europe unless Americans acted quickly. Ultimately, it was fear of the fascist threat to American democracy that triggered the end of American isolationism and inaugurated the era of American interventionism. World War I had left a bitter taste in the mouths of many Americans; many believed that the U.S. had been tricked into joining the war for the wrong reasons, and they were determined to avoidRead MoreAmerica s Position On World War II1273 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica’s position on the policy of Neutrality â€Å"Isolationism† and U.S attack military weapons and also the Japanese attack on Pearl harbor before WWII. The policy of Neutrality â€Å"Isolationism† America s policy of neutrality and isolationism changed after the Japanese attack on Harbor. It all started in 1930 in world war 1 the great depression, when people lost their live in the battle to push the american public to the policy toward isolationism. The European and Asian were involved in the conflictRead MorePresident Franklin D. Roosevelt Essay1637 Words   |  7 Pagesthose rights and keep them† (The Four Freedoms). Prior to the U.S. entry into World War II, the American people were reluctant of being involved with the affairs of the world. Through a turn events and the persuasive actions of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the country was re-geared for mobilization and war against tyranny in whichever form it presented itself. The President delivered many great speeches that brought the United States to global involvement with the use of early national media and propagandaRead MoreUs Isolationism 1919-411343 Words   |  6 Pages the American public were complete ly against becoming entangled in another European war which would cost American soldier’s lives and be expensive to the economy; this was a feeling which also ran through Congress. The feeling became known as ‘isolationism’. An isolationist policy meant that it focused on domestic affairs and disregarded international issues. During the period, particularly as World War Two grew nearer, it became increasingly difficult for US foreign policy to avoid becoming involvedRead MorePowerhouse of World War II, United States and Great Britain Essay1033 Words   |  5 Pagescelebrate and mourn those they had lost in the Second World War. The United States On the Home front in The United States the production of weapons and war related supplies were fundamental in defending and defeating any threats. Franklin D. Roosevelt believed the mass production of weapons would â€Å"energize America and frighten the enemy† setting an â€Å"impossible† goal for the American people to fulfill in 1942, however, by â€Å"1943 the organization was in place to maximize American industrial might†Read MoreThe United States And Foreign Policy881 Words   |  4 Pageswas isolated from the rest of the world, and its foreign policy reflected these ideas and beliefs. The United States was on its way to becoming a world power and advancing its own interest in the world, especially in the North and South America. Isolationism caused the United States to avoid being involved in other countries politics and for the U.S. to remain neutral in foreign policy Americans in the 19th century were more interested in domestic events than the affairs of foreign countries. EconomicRead MoreAmerican Diplomacy That Kissinger Notes And What Makes American Diplomatic History Unique?1466 Words   |  6 Pagesyourself as a realist or an idealist in regards to American foreign policy?† â€Å"What unique factors contribute to American expansionism and isolationism?† The inherent tensions in American diplomacy, in the twentieth century, that Kissinger notes, are foreign policy, the balance of power system, and the conflicts and ideas of Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt. Foreign policy was a tension in American diplomacy because America had two conflicting stances towards foreign policy. The first stanceRead More America in World War Two Essay1277 Words   |  6 Pages Leading into the American involvement in World War II, American ideas were harsh. The United States turned to isolationism instead of involvement. Most Americans opposed taking a role in the war. Many even opposed any aid to help those countries who were in war. The diplomacy of isolationism quickly changed after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. America suddenly was thrown into the warfront. During World War II many ways and ideas of theRead MoreThe War I Was A Good Leader Essay1313 Words   |  6 Pagesstep forward as far as isolationism. Then his cons would be that he had introduced deficit spending, served 4 terms and the completely unnecessary japanese internment camps. I think my liberal parents were mostly correct in deeming FDR a GREAT leader, though he had some real faults. He did not crash the economy. Partly by giving Americans hope again, also by using the power of the Federal Government to create low-paying jobs for millions of unemployed Americans. Roosevelt probably rescued American

The Principle of Beneficence vs Patient Autonomy and Rights Free Essays

Citing medico-ethical texts and journals and selected real-life applications like electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and the advanced medical directive (AMD), the essay argues that medical paternalism cannot serve the patient best insofar as current debates limit themselves to â€Å"who† wields the decision-making power. Such debates side-step â€Å"what† the patient’s best interests are. The essay further argues through the case of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), and acupuncture in particular, that the current dominant Western school of thought excludes other forms of â€Å"alternative† treatment through medical paternalism. We will write a custom essay sample on The Principle of Beneficence vs Patient Autonomy and Rights or any similar topic only for you Order Now Singapore Med J 2002 Vol 43(3):148-151 N H S S Tan Second-year mass communication student at Ngee Ann Polytechnic Correspondence to: Noel Hidalgo Tan Suwi Siang Email: noelbynature@ pacific. net. sg Although probably not written by Hippocrates (c. 460 – c. 477 BC) himself, the Hippocratic Oath is one of the oldest, most binding code of conduct today. The oath expresses the aspirations of the physician, and sets the ethical precedent by spelling out the physician’s responsibilities to the patient and the medical profession.Today, the Hippocratic Oath has been adopted and adapted world-wide; all physicians take the oath in some form or another. In Singapore, the doctor who undertakes the Singapore Medical Council’s Physician’s Pledge promises to â€Å"make the health of my patient my first consideration† and â€Å"maintain due respect for human life† (pars. 4, 9). The primary concept behind the oath is the principle of beneficence, which is operationalised in the original oath as the resolve to serve â€Å"for the benefit of the sick according to (the physician’s) ability and judgement† (cited in Mappes DeGrazia, 1996; p. 59).The principle of beneficence, indeed the over-emphasis of it, also led to medical paternalism or the physician’s prerogative to act on his or her best judgement for the patient. R S Downie observed, â€Å"The pathology of beneficence is paternalism, or the tendency to decide for individuals what they ought to decide form themselves† (cited in 1996; p. 5). More often than not, medical paternalism tends to focus more on the patient’s care and outcomes rather than the patient’s needs and rights. In recent years, medical paternalism has come under fire through the concept of patient autonomy, or the patient’s right to choose and refuse treatment.While the debate between autonomy and paternalism still remains unresolved, paternalists argue that â€Å"maximum patient benefit† can be achieved only when the doctor makes the final medical decision (Weiss, 1985; p. 184). The pro-autonomy stance maintains that â€Å"benevolent paternalism is considered inappropriate in a modern world where the standard for the client-professional relationship is more like a meeting between equals than like a father-child relationship† (Tuckett, Boulton, Olson Williams, cited in Nessa Malterud, 1998; p. 394).This essay argues that medical paternalism cannot serve the patient best insofar as current debates sidestep the princi ple of beneficence in favour of decision-making power and medical paternalism under the current dominant Western school of thought excludes other forms of treatment. Current debate surrounding paternalism has always been centred on the issues of autonomy and paternalism and reduced further into a power struggle between the doctor and patient. This polarisation of the decision-making power has distracted the medico-philosophical debate.Today’s traditional medical values like â€Å"pain is bad† and longer life is more desirable than a shorter one† are increasingly challenged. Still, do patient and physician both share common understanding of what is best for the patient? Paternalists would claim that physicians have a â€Å"medical tradition to serve the patient’s well-being†, with the prerogative to preserve life and thus have the patient’s best interests at heart (Mappes and DeGrazia, 1996; p. 52). Singapore Med J 2002 Vol 43(3) : 149Far from paternalism understood as a dogmatic decision made by the physician, James Childress in his book â€Å"Who Shall Decide? † further expounds paternalism into m ulti-faceted dimensions. Pure paternalism intervenes on account of the welfare of a person, while impure paternalism intervenes because more than one person’s welfare is at stake. Restricted paternalism curbs a patient’s inherent tendencies and extended paternalism encompasses minimising risk in situations through restrictions.Positive paternalism promotes the patient’s good and negative paternalism seeks to prevent an existing harm. Soft paternalism appeals to the patient’s values and hard paternalism applies another’s value over the patient. Direct paternalism benefits the person who has been restricted and indirect paternalism benefits a person other than the one restricted. Whatever the case may be, the guiding principle of modern paternalism,† says Gary Weiss, â€Å"remains that the physician decides what is best for the patient and tries to follow that course of action† (1985; p. 84). That the physician determines ‘what is best’ is questionable. The medical profession’s back-to-basics Hippocratic prerogative is prone to strong medical paternalism, implying that the patient does not want or know his or her own personal good and conversely implying that the patient is to be given no choice other than the physician’s. Consequently, there is immense potential for abuse by giving the physician the final say. Actively, a paternalist physician may declare a person mentally unsound – and thus incompetent – because the patient refuses treatment.Passively, the physician can confound informed consent and obfuscate treatment alternatives. In some cases information can be misrepresented entirely, as John Breeding (2000) argues in his report on electroshock, or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). He states that patients who sign up for ECT have no real choice â€Å"because electroshock psychiatrists deny or minimise its harmful effects† (p. 65). Breeding reports a â€Å"lack of efficacy† in the ECT procedure with â€Å"no lasting beneficial effects of ECT† and the â€Å"(physical) and mental debilitation†¦ for people who undergo this procedure†.There are, however, some justifications for paternalistic intervention, which generally entails situations where intervention outweighs the harm from non-intervention. The weak paternalistic approach is especially warranted to prevent a person from posing a danger to oneself, or when the patient in question is a minor or suffers from impaired judgement due to illness. For example, in Dr Y M Lai and Dr S M Ko’s paper on the assessment of suicide risk, a paternalistic stand is seen where â€Å"accurate diagnosis and careful management of the acute psychiatric illness could significantly alter the suicide risk† (1999). Still, physicians might know for themselves what is best for the situation as they perceive it, but that knowledge does not necessarily translate to what may be best for the patient. Ruddick adds, â€Å"(Current) hospital specialists, it is said, rarely know their patient (or themselves) well enough to make this assumption without serious risk of ignorant arrogance† (1998; par. 5). Therefore while much debate has gone on about medical paternalism and patient autonomy, the definition on what serves the patient best remains unanswered, but the notion of medical paternalism continue to be redefined.On the other side of the argument, proponents of patient autonomy hold that the final say lies with the patient. â€Å"It is the patient’s life or health which is at stake, not the physician’s.. . so it must be the patient, not the physician, who must be allowed to decide whether the game is worth the candle† (Matthews, 1986; p. 134). The notion of patient autonomy largely derives from philosophies of Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill, who, through different postulations, arrived at the same conclusion – that freedom of choice is paramount.Autonomy â€Å"asserts a right to noninterference and a correlative obligation not to restrain choice† (Pollard, 1993, p. 797). Retroactively, the emergence of the idea of patient autonomy has slowly eroded the normative model of medical paternalism. Dr K O Lee and Dr T C Quah (1997) observe â€Å"(the) commercialisation and cost of medicine, the loss of absolutes in morality, indeed the dominance of pluralism such that ethical issues are discussed without firm foundations, these have all led to fewer patients (or their relatives) saying ‘Doctor, you do what you think is best – Sir’. (par. 3). Unlike the paternalist view that deems illness as an impediment to autonomy, the patient autonomy model, as Cassel asserts, sees the patient â€Å"simply as a well person with a disease, rather than as qualitatively different, not only physically but also socially, emotionally and even cognitively† (1978, p. 1675). Thus, proponents of patient autonomy rationalise, â€Å"Who better to determine what’s best for the patient than the patient themselves? † This shift in thinking has increasingly made patient autonomy the desirable standard for medical relationships.The advance medical directive (AMD), l egislated in 1991 in America and 1996 in Singapore, reflects such a shift, albeit legal, towards providing power to patient choice. The AMD is a document 150 : 2002 Vol 43(3) Singapore Med J that â€Å"is basically designed to provide autonomy to patients to determine in advance their wish to die naturally and with dignity when death is imminent and when they lose their capacity to decide or communicate† (Agasthian, 1997; par. 1). There is, however, little consensus as to what autonomy entails.According to Thomas Shannon, autonomy has two elements: â€Å"First, there is the capacity to deliberate about a plan of action. One must be capable of examining alternatives and distinguishing between them. Second, one must have the capacity to put one’s plan into action. Autonomy includes the ability to actualise or carry out what one has decided† (1997; p. 24). Nessa and Maltrud (1998) say â€Å"[within] the biomedical tradition, patient autonomy implies a right to set limits for medical intervention† (p. 397).Pollard (1993) understands autonomy as â€Å"a person’s cognitive, psychological and emotional abilities to make rational decisions† (p. 797). With each definition, the interwoven faculties of personal liberty, voluntariness, being informed, and competence to engage in a plan of action appear. Philosophically, these faculties are subject, and subject autonomy, to varying degrees. This subjectivity begs the question, â€Å"What construes as a mentally competent patient? † How much would an illness impede a patient’s autonomy? How much autonomy does a person have with respect to his or her obligations to the community?Can a person ever have true and full access to information in order to make an informed decision? Criticism towards advocates of patient autonomy also point out that patients sometimes â€Å"choose immediate gratification over long-term benefits† (Weiss, 1985; p. 186). An exercise of autonomy may fulfil the patient’s expressed desire but not necessarily translate to serving the patient best, if at all. Even with the patient autonomy model, then, the question as to what serves the patient best goes unanswered and gives way to what the patient wants.To the extent that medical paternalism is discussed in relation with patient autonomy, current debates talk only about ‘who’ should determine the best interests of the patient but not ‘what’ the best interests of the patient should be. Thus, the principle of beneficence cannot be attained in both the minds of the physician or the patient. Where current debate about paternalism sidesteps beneficence as the motivation for paternalism, medical paternalism itself sidesteps questions of its own validity through the established dominant Western thinking. Eric Matthews argues that â€Å"paternalism rests on the claim that the goods which medicine pursues are determined by the medical profession rather than the patients who make uses of their service† (p. 135). In this argument, medical paternalism also determines the very medicine the medical profession uses and leaves the patient with little or no choice for ‘alternatives’. â€Å"Whether they agreed or not, physicians needed to become more knowledgeable about alternative regimes†, reports Eugene Taylor on the use of alternative therapies (2000; p. 33).Only in recent times, with the proliferation of information spurred by the advent of the Internet age has given an indication about how little the dominant Western medical school of thought knows about other existing and so-called ‘alternative’ healing therapies and are beginning to react. In America, the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicines’ (NCCAM) budget â€Å"exp loded from $2 million in 1993 to $50 million in 1999† (Waltman, 2000; p. 39). Singapore is now looking into developing traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) â€Å"research and education to the tune of US$100 million† (Kao, 2001; p. ). Going with this positive trend, Dr. P H Feng (2000) surmised that someday patients will have â€Å"unlimited access to medical information† (p. 524). Despite the growing acceptance of alternative medical therapies, the Western medical profession also exacts paternalistic standards on alternative medicines. Take the example of TCM, of which studies in China have revived over the past few decades. A Singaporean report on TCM in 1995 reviewed â€Å"the standards of training and practice of TCM in Singapore†¦ to ensure a higher quality of TCM practice†¦ and) to safeguard patient interest and safety† (Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1995; par. 2, 3). Yet to demand that ‘alternative’ therapies undergo review under Western medical criteria is as laughable as it is paternalistic. Says Eugene Taylor, â€Å"Can we actually understand acupuncture without reading the Five Confucian Classics or The Yellow Emperor’s Classic on Traditional Chinese Medicine? Western practitioners would say we don’t need them if we have the scientific evidence; Chinese practitioners would consider this the answer of an uncultivated dog-faced barbarian† (p. 33).Ironically, while Western scientific method emerged from Cartesian thought in the 17 th century, Jeffrey Singer notes that the Chinese had â€Å"documented theories about circulation, pulse, and the heart over 4,000 years before European medicine had any concept about them† (2000; par. 3). Other regimes like homeopathy and aromatherapy have been in existence for centuries but are now deemed â€Å"alternative†, pseudonyms for â€Å"nonWestern†. This is paternalism at its worst because Singapore Med J 2002 Vol 43(3) : 151 so-called â€Å"alternative† therapies do not hold water, or are even oppressed by, a dominant Western medical standard.Wrote Angela Coulter, â€Å"Assumptions that doctor (or nurse) knows best, making decisions on behalf of patients without involving them and feeling threatened when patients have access to alternative sources of medical information – these signs of paternalism should have no place in modern health care† (1999; p. 719). The principle of beneficence is furthermore stymied through this kind of medical paternalism – how can the medical profession presume to serve the patient best when it fails to acknowledge other therapies that work? The medical profession must begin to re-look itself.Thus far, s olutions towards resolving the paternalism problem deal exclusively with advocating either paternalism, autonomy, or middle-road, shared decision patient-physician relationship models such as the one proposed by Elywn, Edwards, Gwyn and Grol. They propose â€Å"sharing the uncertainties about the outcomes of medical processes and. .. exposing the fact that data are often unavailable or not known† (1999; p. 753). Again, proposed shared-decision solutions deal with co-responsibility of medical decisions, but the solutions do not determine the decision itself, and whether the decision serves the patient best.Indeed, a quantitative solution may be near impossible, such is the dynamics of any ethical issue. Medical paternalism, however, must be deconstructed as an issue by both the medical profession and the patient. To approach a resolution through the eyes of the medical profession only serves to perpetuate medical paternalism, albeit in another form, which would not serve the patient. Surmises R S Downie, â€Å"The antidote to paternalism, or an inappropriate excessive expression of beneficence is a sense of justice and honesty† (1996; p. 5).Medical practitioners then must also start recognising their own limitations as a healthcare provider and the limitations of knowledge in their own profession. It is a certain humility reflected in a physician’s comment during a study by Sullivan, Menapace and White (2001), â€Å"I’m not the God of this patient, just a technician with an education†.   How to cite The Principle of Beneficence vs Patient Autonomy and Rights, Papers

Importance of Social Marketing History

Question: Discuss about the Importance of Social Marketing History. Answer: Introduction: Reading Philip Kotler and Gary Armstrong (2012), media has been regarded as a means of mass communication that includes television, radio, newspaper and even internet. It is a channel through which any kind of news, information or even a promotional message can be disseminated among a large group of people is termed as a media. In recent scenario, with the advent of numerous social networking sites and various apps that are going viral, small and big scale companies are utilizing these platforms as a means of marketing their product and aiming to attract more consumers of their product. Overview of the article: Pokemon Go a great new marketing channel is the article selected for the analysis. The article has been published in the Sydney Morning Herald and it talks about the new marketing method that can gain momentum due to the increasing influence of the gaming app Pokemon Go. The article discusses about a restaurant owner, George Iskander and the marketing tactics used to attract customers. The owner claimed that there has been an increase in the number of customers in the restaurant because people get the opportunity of grabbing more Pokemons when they visit this particular restaurant. The owner come with marketing approach that to provide 10% discount to those who could show their Pokedex (Alexandra Cain, "Pokemon Go A Great New Marketing Channel", 2016). Key marketing issues: The marketing issue that that has arrived at this point is that the owner has focused greatly on the online gamers for their business. It has to be understood that the major players of the game are those belonging to the age group of 12 and 30 years. However, the customers of the restaurant are not limited to these groups of people. Thus, using Pokemon Go can one of the marketing tools but the owners should not limit their marketing to this. The marketing shall be done on a larger basis (Mr. Parthasarathi Senapati, 2014). This narrow approach of the restaurant targeting only the Pokemon Go users can be termed as one of the major marketing issues. Recommendations with justification: The marketing approach undertaken by the restaurant owner was mainly targeted to attract the local people. It has to be understood that there are people who do not play Pokemon Go and they shall find nothing lucrative to visit that restaurant. Local advertisement such as on place promotion by placing a hoarding narrating the best offers and quality food that the restaurant has to offer to their customers can be an effective tool for small businesses. Moreover, using social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter are always effective to attract large number of people especially for the local market. References: Alexandra Cain, "Pokemon Go A Great New Marketing Channel", The Sydney Morning Herald, last modified 2016, accessed September 4, 2016, https://www.smh.com.au/small-business/trends/the-big-idea/pokemon-go-a-great-new-marketing-channel-20160802-gqjaq6.html. French, "The Importance Of Social Marketing History", Social Marketing Quarterly 21, no. 4 (2015): 191-193. Mr. Parthasarathi Senapati, "Marketing Of Small Business, A Case Of Small Business In India", IOSR Journal of Business and Management 16, no. 5 (2014): 08-11. Philip Kotler and Gary Armstrong, Principles Of Marketing (Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2012).